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Файл:ПОСОБИЕ (гидротехнич строительство) 174.doc
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- •Предисловие
- •1. Read interesting facts about water, matching questions with the answers.
- •2. Find the translation of the following terms and memorize their meaning.
- •3. Read the text carefully paying attention to the terms in italics. Answer the following question.
- •4. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text.
- •5. Answer the following questions.
- •6. Read the text again and make the plan of it.
- •7. Choose the best abstract for the text.
- •8. Match the words with their synonyms.
- •9. Match the words with their opposites.
- •10. Fill in the correct prepositions then choose any five items and make sentences.
- •11. Translate the following words into English using the vocabulary of the text.
- •12. Make sure you know the nouns formed from the following verbs.
- •13. Write down all adverbs from the text (not less than 8) then choose any four items and make your own sentences.
- •14. Find the translation of the following terms and memorize their meaning.
- •15. Read the first paragraph of Text b and answer the question.
- •16. The rest of the text about “Water in our daily life” is in the jumbled order. Look at the plan of the text, read the paragraphs and number them in the correct order according to the plan.
- •17. Study the diagram below and fulfill the following tasks using the information of Text b.
- •18. Find the translation of the following terms and memorize their meaning.
- •19. Skim the text. Answer the following question.
- •20. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text.
- •21. Answer the following questions.
- •2 2. Make the plan of the text “Water-resources engineering” and write a short summary of the text.
- •23. Match the meanings of the terms with their definitions.
- •24. Fill in the correct preposition, then choose any five items and make sentences.
- •25. Fill in the tables.
- •26. Translate the following words into English using the vocabulary of the text.
- •27. Read the following text and fill in the missed words.
- •28. Translate the following extracts into English using the vocabulary of the texts.
- •29. Read the texts again and make notes under the following headings. Then use your notes to talk about water and water-resources engineering.
- •1. Choose the correct variant.
- •2. Find the translation of the following terms and memorize their meaning.
- •3. Skim the text. Answer the following question.
- •4. Finish the following sentences according to the text.
- •5. Answer the following questions.
- •6. Read the text again, make a plan of it and write a short summary of the text.
- •7. Match the meanings of the terms with their definitions.
- •8. Match the words with their synonyms.
- •9. Match the words with their opposites.
- •10. Make sure you know the verbs formed from the following nouns.
- •11. Fill in the correct prepositions then choose any five items and make sentences.
- •12. Translate the following words into English.
- •13. Fill in the table writing out from the text “Hydrology” the adjectives with the suffixes –al, -ant, -ible (-able), - ous, -ic. Then choose any five items and make your own sentences.
- •14. Find the translation of the following terms and memorize their meaning.
- •15. Read the text paying attention to the terms in italics. Answer the following question.
- •16. Answer the following questions.
- •20. Fill in the correct preposition, then choose any three items and make sentences.
- •21. Fill in the correct words from the list below.
- •22. Look at the following scheme. Get ready to speak about how people in cities get fresh water. You may use the keys below.
- •23. Translate the following extracts into English using the vocabulary of the texts.
- •24. Read the texts again and make notes under the following headings. Then use your notes to talk about hydrology.
- •1. Complete the sentences with the words from the list below.
- •2. Find the translation of the following terms and memorize their meaning.
- •3. Read the text to get the gist of it. Answer the following questions.
- •4. Finish the following sentences according to the text.
- •5. Fill in the table according to the text.
- •6. Answer the following questions.
- •7. Read the text again, make its plan and title it.
- •8. Make a short summary of the text.
- •9. Do you know the meaning of the following terms? Fill in the correct word from the list below.
- •16. Read the text to get the gist of it. Answer the following questions.
- •17. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text.
- •18. Answer the following questions.
- •27. Find the translation of the following terms and memorize their meaning.
- •28. Read the text to get the gist of it. Answer the following question.
- •29. Answer the following questions.
- •30. Which requirements must be followed and which ones should be followed? Use the ideas in the box below.
- •31. Choose the best endings to the following statements.
- •38. Read the following texts and fill in the missed words. Get ready to speak about different types of reservoirs.
- •1) Standard reservoir
- •2) Hydroelectric reservoir
- •3) Irrigation reservoir
- •4) Flood control reservoir
- •5) Recreational reservoir
- •39. Translate the following extracts into English.
- •40. Read the texts again and make notes under the following headings. Then use your notes to talk about reservoirs.
- •1. Do you know types of dams? Match the pictures with the types of dams.
- •2. Find the translation of the following terms and memorize their meaning.
- •3. Answer the following questions. If you have any difficulties, look through the following text to get the necessary information.
- •4. Read the following text and write out
- •5. Finish the following sentences according to the text.
- •6. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text.
- •7. Answer the following questions.
- •23. Read the title of the text. What can this text deal with? Read the text and answer the following questions.
- •24. Decide whether the following sentences are true or false according to the text.
- •25. Choose the answers to the questions.
- •26. Choose the best variant.
- •33. Fill in the correct prepositions, then choose any five items and make sentences.
- •34. Make the following sentences shorter.
- •35. Complete the following text with the words derived from the words in brackets.
- •36. Look at the table, fill in the blanks and fulfill the following tasks. World’s Highest and Largest Dams
- •37. Translate the following extracts into English using the vocabulary of the text.
- •38. Read the texts again and make notes under the following headings. Then use your notes to talk about dam classifications.
- •1. Find the translation of the following terms and memorize their meaning.
- •2. Skim the text.
- •3. Finish the following sentences according to the text.
- •4. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text.
- •5. Answer the following questions.
- •6. Make a plan of the text and then write a short summary of it.
- •7. Match the meanings of the terms with their definitions.
- •8. Choose the odd word.
- •9. Match the words with their synonyms.
- •10. Find in the text the opposites of the following words.
- •11. Fill in the correct prepositions, then choose any five items and make sentences.
- •12. Find the translation of the following terms and memorize their meaning.
- •13. Read the text carefully paying attention to the words in italics. Answer the following question.
- •14. Finish the following sentences according to the text.
- •15. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text.
- •16. Answer the following questions.
- •17. Make a plan and then a short summary of the text.
- •18. Choose the odd word.
- •19. Find in the text the synonyms of the following words.
- •20. Match the words with their opposites.
- •21. Fill in the correct prepositions then choose any five items and make sentences.
- •22. Make adjectives from the following words then choose any five items and make your own sentences.
- •23. Translate the following words into Russian.
- •24. Find the translation of the following terms and memorize their meaning.
- •25. Read the text carefully paying attention to the words in italics. Answer the following question.
- •26. Finish the following sentences according to the text.
- •27. Correct the following statements.
- •28. Answer the following questions.
- •29. Make a plan and then a short summary of the text.
- •30. Match the meanings of the terms with their definitions.
- •31. Match the words with their synonyms.
- •32. Match the words with their opposites.
- •33. Make sure you know the nouns formed from the following verbs.
- •34. Fill in the correct prepositions then choose any five items and make sentences.
- •35. Translate the following words into English using the vocabulary of the text.
- •36. Find the translation of the following terms and memorize their meaning.
- •37. Read the text to get the gist of it. Answer the following questions.
- •38. Correct the following statements.
- •39. Answer the following questions.
- •40. Make a plan and a summary of the text.
- •41. Choose the right meaning of the words in bold in the text “Earth-fill Dams”.
- •42. Choose the words with similar meaning from the two groups and arrange them in pairs.
- •43. Match the words with their opposites.
- •44. Using the dictionary add as many words as possible into the table.
- •45. Fill in the correct prepositions.
- •46. Translate the following phrases into English.
- •47. Find the translation of the following terms and memorize their meaning.
- •48. Read the text carefully paying attention to the terms in italics. Answer the following question.
- •49. Put the sentences in the right order according to the text.
- •50. Finish the following statements according to the text.
- •51. Answer the following questions.
- •52. Read the text again, make a plan of it. Write down an abstract for text e.
- •53. Match the words with their synonyms.
- •54. Match the words with their opposites.
- •55. Using the dictionary add as many words as possible into the table.
- •56. Translate the following phrases into English.
- •57. Find the translation of the following terms and memorize them.
- •58. Read the text to get the gist of it. Answer the following questions.
- •59. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text.
- •60. Answer the following questions.
- •65. Fill in the necessary preposition then choose any five items and make sentences.
- •66. Translate from Russian into English.
- •67. Fill in the gaps with the right word.
- •68. Match, translate and answer the following questions. Make abstracts of the texts.
- •70. Read the texts again and get ready to speak about the process of construction and main features of one type of dams. Use the information from the previous task.
- •1. Study the following picture. Translate the terms into Russian.
- •2. Find the translation of the following terms and memorize their meaning.
- •3. Read the text to get the gist of it. Answer the following questions.
- •4. Finish the following sentences according to the text.
- •5. Answer the following questions.
- •6. Copy out the table and fill in it.
- •12. Find the translation of the following terms and memorize their meaning.
- •13. Read the text to get the gist of it. Answer the following question.
- •14. Answer the following questions.
- •15. Finish the following sentences according to the text.
- •16. Fill in the sentences with the words from the list below.
- •17. Using the dictionary add as many words as possible into the table.
- •18. Fill in the necessary prepositions then choose any five items and make sentences.
- •19. Write down all adverbs from Texts a and b.
- •20. Fill in the table writing out from Texts a and b the adjectives with the suffixes –al, -ant (-ent), -ible (-able), - er, -en. Then choose any five items and make your own sentences.
- •21. Fill in the gaps with the words listed below.
- •22. Put the jumbled paragraphs in the right order.
- •23. Translate the following extracts into English.
- •24. Read the texts again and make notes under the following headings. Then use your notes to talk about spillways, gates and outlet works.
- •1. Match the English and Russian equivalents.
- •2. Find the translation of the following terms and memorize their meaning.
- •3. Read the text to get the gist of it. Answer the following questions.
- •4. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text.
- •5. Complete the following sentences according to the text.
- •6. Answer the following questions.
- •7. What valves and gates are used for different heads at the entrance of intakes and sluiceways? Fill in the table.
- •8. Make a plan, an abstract and then a summary of the text.
- •9. Choose the contextual meaning of the following words.
- •10. Match the words with their synonyms.
- •11. Match the words with their opposites.
- •12. Fill in the correct prepositions then choose any three items and make sentences.
- •13. Read the following text and choose the best abstract.
- •14. Translate into English.
- •15. Read the text again and make notes under the following headings. Then use your notes to talk about intakes.
- •1. Complete the following sentences with the words from the list below.
- •2. Guess the translation of the missed Russian equivalents.
- •3. Find the translation of the following terms and memorize their meaning.
- •4. Read the text to get the gist of it. Answer the following questions.
- •5. Decide whether the following sentences are false or true according to the text.
- •6. Match according to the text.
- •7. Answer the following questions.
- •8. Make a plan of the text and write a summary of the text.
- •10. Make sure you know the verbs formed from the following nouns.
- •11. Match the words with their synonyms.
- •12. Fill in the correct prepositions then choose any three items and make sentences.
- •13. Translate the following words into English using the vocabulary of the text.
- •15. Read the text to get the gist of it. Answer the following question.
- •16. Finish the following sentences according to the text.
- •17. Answer the following questions.
- •24. Read the text to get the gist of it. Answer the following questions.
- •25. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text.
- •26. Put the following sentences in the right order according to the text.
- •27. Answer the following questions.
- •28. Make a plan of the text “Pressure Conduits” and write down its summary.
- •29. Match the words with their synonyms.
- •30. Find the opposites of the following words in the text.
- •31. Match the words in part a with part b. What materials are considered to be the principle pipe materials?
- •32. Translate the words in the brackets.
- •33. Read the following text and fill in the missed words.
- •34. Translate into English using the vocabulary of the texts.
- •4. Read the text to get the gist of it. Answer the following question.
- •5. Decide whether the following sentences are true or false according to the text.
- •6. Finish the following sentences according to the text.
- •7. Answer the following questions.
- •8. Divide the text into the parts according to the following plan.
- •9. Make a short summary of the text.
- •10. Match the terms with their definitions.
- •11. Match the words with their synonyms.
- •12. Match the words with their opposites.
- •13. Fill in the correct prepositions then choose three items and make sentences.
- •14. Read the following text about the major canals of the world and fill in the words listed below.
- •15. Translate the following text from Russian into English.
- •16. Read the text again and make notes under the following headings. Then use your notes to talk about intakes.
- •1. Match the terms with their definitions.
- •2. Find the translation of the following terms and memorize their meaning.
- •3. Read the text to get the gist of it. Answer the following questions.
- •4. Correct the false sentences according to the text.
- •5. Some irrigation water may be lost through evaporation, seepage and transpiration. State the places and the ways of water lost reducing, filling in the table.
- •6. Answer the following questions.
- •7. Make a short summary of the text.
- •8. Choose the contextual meaning of the following words used in Text a.
- •9. Match the words with their synonyms.
- •10. Fill in the correct prepositions then choose any five items and make your own sentences.
- •11. Find the translation of the following terms and memorize their meaning.
- •12. Read the text to get the gist of it. Answer the following questions.
- •13. Finish the following sentences according to the text.
- •14. Answer the following questions.
- •15. Fill in the table and be ready to speak about four general methods of applying irrigation water.
- •16. Match the terms with their definitions.
- •17. Match the words with their synonyms.
- •18. Fill in the correct prepositions then choose any five items and make your own sentences.
- •19. Read the following text and choose the right forms of the missed words (they are given below the text).
- •20. Fill in the words listed below.
- •21. Translate into English.
- •22. Read the texts again and make notes under the following headings. Then use your notes to talk about irrigation.
- •Contents
14. Finish the following sentences according to the text.
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An arch dam is built in a convex arch facing …
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It owes its strength essentially to …
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In the arch dams, stability is obtained by …
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If the upstream face is vertical the entire weight of the dam must be carried to the foundation by…
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An arch dam is … in plan.
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An arch dam carries post of the water load horizontally to …
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The thrust requires that sidewalls of the canyon be capable of …
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Arch dams can be used only in …
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Practically all arch dams are of …
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Uplift forces are less important for arch dams than for gravity ones because of …
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The simplest approach to arch analysis is …
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Arch dams must be built on …
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Abutments are grouted in …
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Since the cross-section of an arch dam is relatively thin care must be taken in …
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Concrete is placed by techniques similar to …
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A layer of mortar is usually placed between …
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Small arch dams are provided with …
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Large arch dams are provided with …
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All joints must have … and …
15. Decide whether the following statements are true or false according to the text.
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An arch dam is built in a curved arch facing the reservoir.
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An arch dam owes its strength essentially to its form.
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Stability of an arch dam is obtained only by gravity action.
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If the upstream face is horizontal the entire weight of the dam must be carried to the foundation by gravity.
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The distribution of the normal hydrostatic pressure will depend upon the strength of the dam.
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An arch dam is curved in plan.
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An arch dam carries most of the water load horizontally to the abutments by arch action.
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The thrust doesn’t require that sidewalls of the canyon be capable of resisting the arch forces.
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Arch dams can be used both in narrow and broad canyons.
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All arch dams built recently are made of concrete.
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Arch dams have failed less than other types of dams.
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Uplift forces are less important for gravity dams than for arch ones.
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Ice pressure and temperature changes are more important in arch-dam design than in gravity-dam design.
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The horizontal water load is carried by arch action alone.
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Seams and pockets in the foundation and abutments are not grouted.
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The cross-section of an arch dam is rather thick.
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The section in the upper part of an arch dam is very thin.
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Only radial construction joints are used in small arch dams.
16. Answer the following questions.
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What type of dam depends on its own weight?
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What type of dam gets its strength essentially to its form?
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Is the stability of arch dams obtained by a combination of arch and gravity action?
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Must the entire weight of the dam be carried to the foundation by gravity or arch action?
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When is the distribution more complicated?
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An arch dam is curved in plan, isn’t it?
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What does an arch dam carry horizontally to the abutments by arch action?
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What must be capable of resisting the arch forces?
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Arch dams can be used in any site, can’t they?
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What are all arch dams made of now?
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Have a lot of arch dams failed?
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What forces act on arch dams?
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Why are uplift forces less important for arch dams than for gravity dams?
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What internal stresses may become quite important in arch-dam design?
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What must arch dams be built on?
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In what manner are seams and pockets in the foundation and abutments grouted?
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Why must care be taken in the mixing, pouring and curing of the concrete?
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Where may I0-ft lifts be placed at?
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What is placed between lifts? Why?
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What kinds of joints may be used in arch dams?
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What must be used to prevent leakage?
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What is it necessary to do to minimize temperature stresses?
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Can you name the most famous arch dams in the world?
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