3. Find odd words:

conductivity, ductility, strength, similarity; shape, model, example, pattern;

aluminium, bronze, copper, zinc; amount, quantity, structure, number.

4. Make word combinations from the following words and translate them into Ukrainian:

chemical	copper
blast	shape
carbon	monoxide
special	discharge
furnace	iron
cast	symbol
pig	furnace
plastic	troughs
crankshaft	iron
to roast	deformation

5. Put the verbs in brackets either in Present Perfect or in Present Simple Tense.

1. The bulk of a motor car already (to be made) from metals based on iron.

2. Cast iron (to be used) for casting since 20^th century.

3. Iron (to be obtained) by filling a blast furnace with iron oxides or carbonates and coke.

4. As the temperature already (to increase) the iron (to melt).

5. Ordinary cast iron (to be produced) by melting pig iron.

6. Copper (to be used) since the ancient times.

7. Copper (to be used) for electrical components in cars due to its low resistance.

6. Answer the following questions:

1. What is the father of the ferrous family?

2. How is iron obtained?

3. How much carbon does blast furnace-produced iron contain?

4. What is the procedure of producing cast iron?

5. What castings are made of cast iron?

6. What is the main constituent of the brass/bronze family?

7. Why is it difficult to produce copper in a really pure state?

8. What is aluminium produced from?

UNIT 4

Section 1

1. Read and translate the following text: the periodic table of elements (I)

This table shows the known elements in the order of the strength of the electrical charge on their nuclei, or inner portions. Elements in the same column are usually similar chemically. At least 88 of the first 92 elements are found in nature. Elements 93 and above were produced synthetically during and after the development of the atomic bomb.

Elements to the left of the heavy zigzag line are metals. Those to the right are non-metals, although boron, silicon, carbon, selenium, and tellurium are sufficiently metallic in character to be called metalloids.

Elements in the two strips below the main table Abe called rare earths. The upper strip contains the lanthanide series. These elements have such close chemical similarities that separation of some of them has been difficult. Most of the actinide series, lower strip, show radioactivity.

In September 1949 the International Union of Chemistry met at Amsterdam and recommended that tungsten henceforth be called wolfram, columbium be called niobium and beryllium be renamed glucinium. Although chemists in the United States have accepted the change from columbium to niobium, many, if not most, metallurgists have not. The other two suggested changes have not made headway. The Union recommended also that the names of elements 71 and 91 be spelled lutetium and protactinium, respectively. This recommendation has been followed.