2. Find in the text English equivalents to the following words and word combinations:

затвердіти, сплав, можливість, плавлення, складові, антикорозійні властивості, антифрикційний, лиття, піч, ржавіти, оброблятися, олово.

2. Make up word combinations from the following words and translate them into Ukrainian:

molten	point
to increase	metal
anti-corrosive	bronze
to run	alloy
melting	strength
straight	condition
phosphor	bronze
non-ferrous	bronze
red-brass	properties
manganese	the casting

2. Write the following pronouns in the Nominative case:

him, us, her, them, you, me.

2. Pick out the pronouns in the following sentences and say what person each one is.

1. They are usually prepared by melting two or more metals.

2. It may be binary and ternary.

3. We can prepare alloys by melting two or more metals together.

4. You know that the nature of non-ferrous alloys differs greatly from that of the ferrous metals.

5. I always mix non-ferrous metals in various proportions to form alloys.

6. She tried to make a red-brass alloy by melting copper, zinc, lead and tin.

7. He suggests brasses to be treated without heating them as they are very ductile.

2. Write out these sentences again using pronouns instead of the words in the brackets.

1. (The solids) are obtained when two or more metals are mixed.

2. (Alloys) may be binary or ternary.

3. (Aluminum) is used extensively for casting.

4. Now scientists try to replace (non-ferrous metals) by some ferrous alloys.

5. (D. Mendeleyev) created the Periodic Table of Elements.

6. (The students of our group) have successfully passed all exams.

7. A lot of new important discoveries were made by (scientists) last century.

8. The best report was prepared by (my friend).

9. The laboratory workers usually helps (the students) to use the equipment of the laboratory properly.

2. Answer the following questions:

1. What solids are called alloys?

2. What is the procedure of preparing alloys?

3. What is called the bronze?

4. What is called the brass?

5. What is called aluminum bronze?

6. Why do scientists try to replace non-ferrous metals with ferrous ones?

Section 5

1. Read and translate the following text: metals and nuclear energy

Many of the problems with which metallurgists have to meet in the development of nuclear energy are connected with the peculiar behaviour of metallic nuclear fuels. Until now the fuel of nearly every reactor constructed has been uranium metal. Uranium is a highly reactive metal of complex structure (in its alpha and beta forms) and new problems appeared when it was set to work in reactors operating at a temperature where oxidation was rapid, where there were high neutron fluxes and where the temperature varied in an irregular way.

In the early stages, the metallurgist's problem was to produce the metal suitably protected and in a satisfactory structural condition to withstand periods of several months in the reactor without failure. The purpose of the early American reactors built during the war was to produce plutonium for military purposes, and, as soon as it became available in sufficient quantities, the metallurgical properties of that metal had to be investigated.

Later the field of work has been enlarged to the point where success or failure of a reactor project depends upon the satisfactory solution of metallurgical problems. For power production, the nuclear fuel must be able to withstand much higher neutron doses than in early plutonium-producing piles. As will be seen later, unalloyed uranium cannot be quite satisfactory for such reactors, and the metallurgist must investigate alloy structure and mechanical and physical characteristics in relation to irradiation behaviour.

New metallurgical problems arise with the introduction of better methods of heat removal. High-pressure water and sodium are examples of heat-transfer media which will be important in the next phase of power development. In both cases problems of corrosion have to be solved.

The new types of reactor operating at high ratings need a wide variety of sheathing materials, and both the chemical and physical interactions of these with the fuel have been extensively investigated. The use of new materials has also called for work on their fabrication and joining characteristics.

Nuclear energy has produced a new tool for metallurgical work in the form of neutron diffraction (which has been used particularly on the problem of antiferromagnetism). Progress in the production of electricity by the utilization of nuclear energy is limited at present more by the rate at which improved materials, especially better fuel elements, can be developed than by the rate of extension of reactor physics.

2. Find in the text English equivalents to the following words and word combinations:

ядерна енергія, ядерне паливо, уран, поломка, військові цілі, залежати від, задовільне вирішення, обшивка, хімічна та фізична взаємодія, виробництво, властивості з’єднання, нейтронові дифракції.

3. Find in the text antonyms to the following words:

regular, unsatisfactory, to be free from, slow, to be widen.

4. Make up word combinations from the following words:

nuclear, condition, complex, reactive, sufficient, military, metal, structure, metallurgical, satisfactory, purposes, physical, energy, quantities, problems, characteristics.

5. Make up sentences from the following words, translate these sentences into Ukrainian.

1. Metal, until, uranium, fuel, the, now, of, reactor, nearly, constructed, has been, every.

2. Reactive, is, uranium, structure, a, metal, complex, of.

3. Production, the, nuclear, fuel, for, power, able, be, to withstand, must, doses, neutron, higher, much, for, power.

4. Sheathing, the new, materials, types of, a, wide, need, reactor, variety, of, at, high, operating, ratings.

5. Diffraction, nuclear, has produced, metallurgical, energy, a new, work, in the form, tool, of, neutron, for.