2. Find odd words:

treat, finish, process, provide;

cast, complicated, complex, compound;

utilize, use, make, employ.

2. Make word combinations from the following words. Translate them into Ukrainian.

profound	machine
powder	molding
injection	manufacture
rotational	design
mechanized	effect
metal	techniques
joining	utilization
product	metallurgy
machine	molding

2. Put verbs in brackets in right tense. Translate these sentences into Ukrainian.

1. If the technology of any age _____ upon the materials of the age, the era of new materials would have a profound effect on engineering. (to be founded)

2. If an engineer knew these materials, he _____ them for shaping, treating, casting. (to use)

3. If new materials _____, they would be used for casting, injection molding, rotational molding of components. (to be developed)

4. If an engineer knew some materials, he _____ the principle of manufacture of more complex components by powder metallurgy. (to use)

5. If an engineer had named these principles, we _____ them in our production. (to use)

6. If joining techniques _____, they would have provided opportunities for economy. (to develop)

7. If these methods had been used for assembly, they _____ savings to be made in both materials and machine utilization. (to allow)

8. If new materials technology _____, it would have provided new opportunities for more efficient manufacture. (to be emerged)

2. Answer the following questions:

1. Why are different types of materials continuously being developed?

2. What wasteful processes do you know?

3. What are the wasteful processes aimed at?

4. What do joining techniques allow?

5. What opportunities and challenges does a new materials technology provide?

Section 2

1. Read and translate the following text: properties of metals (I)

Let us see why metals have come to play so large a part in man’s activities. Wood and stone are both older in use, yet to a considerable extent they have been supplanted by the metals. The cause of the increasing use of metals is to be found in their characteristic properties, such as: strength, or ability to support weight without bending or breaking; combined with toughness, or ability to bend rather than break under a sudden blow; resistance to atmospheric destruction; and malleability, or ability to be formed into desired shapes. Malleability of a metal is also known as its ability to deform permanently under compression without rupture. It is this property which allows the hammering and rolling of metals into thin sheets.

Metals can be cast into varied and intricate shapes weighing from a few ounces to many tons. Their plasticity, or ability to deform without rupture, makes them safe to use in all types of structures, and also allows their formation into required shapes through forging and other operations.

Metals also possess the important property of being weldable. Of all the engineering materials only metals are truly weldable and repairable. Other materials used in engineering constructions, including glass, stone, and wood, usually are destroyed when the structure is no longer usable. On the other hand, an unusable bridge, ship, or boiler made of metal usually is cut into easily handled sections, put in a furnace, remelted, cast, and finally worked in the making of a new ship, bridge, or boiler.

All of this represents a remarkable combination of properties possessed by no other class of materials. Some metals also possess additional, special properties, two of which are power to conduct electric current and the ability to be magnetized. The selection of the proper metal or alloy for a given use is an important part of the practice of metallurgy. Because iron and steel are used in larger quantities than any of the other metals, it is common practice to divide metallurgical materials into ferrous, or iron-bearing, and nonferrous, or those containing no iron, or only small proportions of iron.

2. Find in the text English equivalents to the following words and word combinations:

діяльність людини, бути заміщеним металом, супротив, згинання, поломка, ковкість, атмосферне руйнування, складні форми, піч, декілька унцій, проводити електричний струм, з іншого боку, сплав, спеціальні властивості, залізомісткий.