- •Часть I
- •3. Глагол to have (The Verb to have)
- •4. Множественное число существительных (Plural of Nouns)
- •Запомните особые случаи образования множественного числа существительных.
- •Text a. Learning Foreign Languages
- •Vocabulary
- •Text b. Handicapped people do useful work
- •Vocabulary
- •I. Read the text and do the tasks after it.
- •Text c. A person who happens to be blind
- •Vocabulary
- •Text d. About Poverty Level
- •About myself and my family
- •Vocabulary
- •Text. About Myself and My Family
- •I. Read the text ‘About Myself and My Family’ and answer the questions.
- •4. What sign was your mother ( father ) born under?
- •2. Неопределенные и отрицательные местоимения (Indefinite and Negative Pronouns)
- •Much, many, little, few
- •3. Indefinite (Simple) Tenses
- •Text a. Education in the Russian Federation
- •Vocabulary
- •Text b. Schooling in the United Kingdom
- •Vocabulary
- •Text c. University Education in Great Britain
- •Text d. Oxford
- •Britain’s Universities
- •Higher Education in Great Britain
- •Tula State University
- •Vocabulary
- •Text. Tula State University
- •2. Future Indefinite (Future Simple) Tense. Active Voice
- •4. Числительные (Numerals)
- •Хронологические даты
- •Text a. American teenagers and their free time
- •Text b. Leisure-time activities
- •My working day
- •My working day
- •1. Повелительное наклонение (Imperative Mood)
- •2. Местоимение it (The Pronoun it)
- •3. Словообразование. Приставки dis-, un-, in- (Word-building. Prefixes dis-, un-, in-)
- •4. Времена группы Indefinite (повторение) (Indefinite Tenses. Revision )
- •Text a. The Use of leisure
- •Vocabulary
- •Text b. Culture, Leisure, Entertainment, Sports
- •Text c. Holidays and Festivals
- •Text d. What are young people doing at Christmas ?
- •Vocabulary
- •Leisure activities and skills
- •The Weekend
- •Hobbies
- •Peter’s hobby
- •At the Supermarket
- •Discover the secret You
- •Запомните :
- •2. Функции that (The Functions of that)
- •(Word-building. The suffixes of nouns)
- •Text a. Your visit to england
- •Past Perfect Tense. Future Perfect Tense
- •(Word –building. The prefix re-)
- •Text a. Once again about Ozone Holes
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Времена группы Continuous. (Continuous Tenses. Продолженные времена)
- •2. Словообразование. Суффиксы прилагательных (Word-building. The suffixes of adjectives)
- •- Able, - ible
- •Text a. He Started Britain’s Railways
- •Vocabulary
- •Text b.
- •Text c. Inventors and Their Inventions
- •The Progress of Science
- •Vocabulary
- •Science
- •Passive Voice
- •1. Сказуемое в Passive Voice переводится:
- •(Word-building. The suffixes of verbs)
- •Text a. Science and Technology
- •Vocabulary
- •Text b. The telegraph
- •Text c. Thomas alva edison (1847 - 1931)
- •Vocabulary
- •Text d. Coming Events
- •Great Scientists
- •Mikhail Lomonosov
- •Roentgen
- •Tsiolkovsky - Founder of Austronautics
- •The Scientists and the Watches
- •1. Модальные глаголы и их заменители (Modal Verbs and Their Equivalents) Can be able to
- •2. Многофункциональность глаголов to be, to have to be
- •Text a. British Economy
- •Vocabulary
- •Экономика Великобритании
- •Text c. The Subject of the Science of Economics
- •Text d. Single Currency Not in Circulation Before 2002
- •On Economics
- •Text. Us Economy
- •Экономика сша
- •Talking Business
- •Vocabulary
- •Unit 10
- •1. Sequence of Tenses (Согласование времен)
- •2. Direct and Indirect Speech
- •1) При переводе предложения из прямой речи в косвенную, соблюдаются все правила последовательности времен.
- •Text a. Information Age: For and Against
- •Vocabulary
- •Text b. Computer System
- •Vocabulary
- •Text c. A message from the President
- •Text d. Hard Disk Troubles
- •Introduction
- •Text e. The new way of looking at things: MultiSync' monitors
- •I wonder …
- •Let’s dream of ai (Artificial Intelligence) Artificial intelligence
- •Input Eliza
- •It's my girlfriend. So, you're worried about your girlfriend.
- •I'm a bit upset. Why do you feel upset?
Text b. The telegraph
Benjamin Franklin, an American who is famous for his interesting and useful inventions, published his ideas about electricity in 1752. Scientists in many countries became interested in this wonderful form of energy. They wanted to find the answer to a very important question: Could electricity be used to develop a fast, efficient system of long-distance communication ?
Experiments proved that electricity could travel instantly over a very long piece of wire. But a note that was written on a piece of paper couldn't be put into a wire! How could electricity be used to send a message?
A Danish scientist discovered that electricity could move a needle from left to right, and that the needle could be pointed at letters on a piece of paper. Then a German government worker made up a code system that could be used with an electric needle. In 1837, two English scientists sent a message by electric telegraph from Camden Town to Euston, a distance of more than 1.6 kilometres.
In the United States, Samuel Morse, a portrait painter, was experimenting with an electric telegraph, too. At first, he connected a pencil to an electric wire. When the electricity came through the wire, the pencil made wavy lines. Then Morse invented a code that used dots and dashes for the letters of the alphabet. The pencil wrote the dots and dashes on a narrow piece of paper. Finally, he discovered that telegraph messages did not have to be written; they could be sent in sound.
At one end of the telegraph wire, the sender pressed a key. At the other end of the wire, another key went down and made a clicking sound. The telegraph operator used a short touch for a dot and a longer one for a dash. When the receiver heard the clicking sounds, he could figure out the message.
On May 24, 1844, the first long-distance message was sent by telegraph - from Washington, D.C., to Baltimore, Maryland - 64 kilometres!
Telegraph companies were formed in many cities. By 1861, telegraph wires stretched across the United States from the Atlantic to the Pacific. In Europe, too, Samuel Morse's system became popular.
But telegraph wires couldn't be hung over an ocean. Messages to and from Europe had to be sent by ship — a journey of two or three weeks. A new method was needed.
The Atlantic Telegraph Company, which was organised in 1856 by Cyrus Field and other businessmen, wanted to try to lay a cable on the floor of the Atlantic Ocean. England and the United States contributed money for this experiment.
Many attempts were made by ships from both countries. The 4000-kilometer cable broke three times. Each time, more money had to be raised, and a new cable had to be made. Finally, on July 27, 1866, the first transatlantic message was sent from Newfoundland to Ireland.
Later, cables were laid to Central and South America. After 1900, transpacific cables were laid to Asia and Australia. At last, news and business information could be sent instantly to almost every country in the world.
From "English for a Changing World"
1. Guess the meaning of the words given below: distance, electricity, communication, telegraph, line, code, operator, experiment, press, popular, idea, form, energy, system, alphabet, company, ocean, method, organize, businessman, cable.
2. Translate the nouns with the suffix –er (-or) derived from the following verbs: invent – изобретать inventor - ... use – использовать user - ...send – посылать sender - ... write – писать writer - ... receive – получать receiver - ... develop – разрабатывать developer - ... operate – работать operator - ... work – работать worker - ... paint – рисовать painter - ... report – сообщать reporter - ...
3. Group the pairs of the words with the opposite meaning:
fast, useful, long, left, narrow, short, right, popular, slow, wavy, unknown, wide, straight, useless;
to find, to send, to go down, to rise, to receive, to lose.
4. Learn the following terms: wire – провод, проводник message – сообщение needle – стрелка, игла dot – точка dash – тире sound – звук key – ключ, клавиша cable – кабель
5. Read the text ‘The Telegraph’. Find in the text the English equivalents for the following Russian phrases:очень важный вопрос; эффективная система связи на дальние расстояния; электрический проводник; узкая полоска бумаги; код, в котором применялись точки и тире; нажать ключ; записать сообщение; телеграфные провода протянулись от Атлантики до Тихого океана; проложить кабель по дну Атлантического океана; вкладывать деньги.
6. Find in the text ‘The Telegraph’ sentences with the predicate in the Passive Voice. Translate them.
7. Translate the text ‘The Telegraph’. Pay attention to the sentences in the Passive Voice.
8. Put ten questions on the text ‘The Telegraph’.
9. Describe the principle of action of the telegraph made by S. Morse.