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r stations

2

Today our country has considerable (опыт) in building nuclear

cr

stations.

P° j Apart from nuclear stations (производящих) only electricity, nuwhich produce both electricity and (тепло) are built.

4 One such station (заменит) about 500 boiler-houses.

5 Atomic heating stations are (экологически чистые).

5 Today (мирный атом) can give people not only (свет) but also heat,

 

light; producing;

peaceful atom;

will substitute for; was

put

into operation;

experience;

^

ecologically

clean

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Revision

Exercises

 

 

 

I

Переведите

предложения,

обращая

внимание

на

значения

модальных

 

глаголов н

их

эквивалентов

(§ 75—80):

 

 

 

1.The thermonuclear process of fusion can take place only at extremely high temperatures.

2.One ought to know that it was in Obninsk (Russia) that the first

atomic

power station was

put

into operation.

 

 

3.

Man-made

satellites

and

spaceships are to

investigate various

types

of radiations in

space.

 

 

 

 

 

4.

On a clear night a

man

is able to see

with a naked eye

about

4,000

stars.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5.

First we

should consider

the arrangements of atoms in metals,

i. e. in substances

having

high thermal and electrical conductivities, then

we should discuss

semiconductors.

 

 

6. A lot of problems

had

to

be solved before BAM could be

built.

7. With the creation of industrial thermonuclear reactors energy re-

sources

may become

inexhaustible.

 

 

 

 

 

 

8. A nuclear power plant of 100,000 kilowatts capacity is to

con-

sume about 200 grams of uranium

daily.

 

 

 

 

 

®пРеделите значение глагола to have и переведите текст (§ 134):

 

 

Radioactivity is invisible

and inaudible, and

we

cannot feel

it

until

We !laVe rece've<* 1 0 0

m u c h

it and become ill. But in our nuclear

age

have a vital

tool,

the Geiger counter, which

is used for detecting ra-

 

 

 

It was invented by Hans Geiger, a German physicist,

and has

ters h

 

 

t 0 re®*ster

c o s m t c

rays as well as gamma-rays. Geiger coun-

n'Um

C ^>een mac*e for all

kinds

of purposes

—

light

ones

for

ura-

prospecting, built-in types for

atomic power stations

and

research

e l s

"

l n

^ts;

counters with

warning signals for factory workers

who

hav

 

be J °

 

handle

radioactive matter and whose hands

and clothes

have to

ch^ked and so on.

221

ЗАКОНЧИВ РАБОТУ НАД УРОКОМ 16, ВЫ ДОЛЖНЫ ЗНАТЬ:

1. Какие буквы и буквосочетания передают звуки [э:], [ju:], fn i

2.Грамматический материал: сложные формы герундия, их J

впредложении и способы перевода на русский язык.

3.Слова, выделенные для запоминания, с. 216.

Вы должны знать 400 слов и выражений.

LESSON SEVENTEEN

Правила чтения

Буквы и буквосочетания, передающие звуки [ou] и [аи].

Грамматика

Сложные формы причастия, их функции в предложении и способы перевода

на русский язык. Независимый причастный оборот.

КАК РАБОТАТЬ НАД УРОКОМ

Урок рекомендуется изучать следующим образом:

1.Выполните упражнение на повторение правил чтения.

2.Повторите функции, в которых употребляются Participle I и Partici-

ple П, и способы их перевода

на русский язык (§ 92—96).

3. Проработайте новый грамматический

материал:

а) сложные формы причастия

(§ 97,

98);

б) независимый причастный оборот (§ 99). Обратите внимание на способы перевода этого оборота в зависимости от его места в предложении. Запомните два формальных признака, помогающих найти этот оборот в предложении. Просмотрите таблицу форм причастия в §92 и выполните упражнения 2—4.

Выполните упражнение 5 на интернациональную лексику.

5.Прочтите текст А вслух два-три раза и переведите его, пользуясь примечаниями к тексту и словарем. Выучите слова на с. 226.

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту (упражнение 6).

• Для расширения словарного запаса и лучшего его усвоения выполните упражнения раздела "Word Study".

• Для закрепления лексического и грамматического материала 8 родните упражнения 10—14.

^ Фочтите текст В и выполните упражнения 16, 17.

Для повторения пройденного материала выполните упражнения 10 Р 3 ^ 3 "Revision Exercises".

Рочтите раздел "It Is Interesting to Know...".

223

Exercises

1. Прочтите слова, обращая внимание на то, что выделенная бук

**

самостоятельно и в буквосочетаниях передает звуки |ouj и (au):

 

so, motive, motion, process, solar, ex'plosion

[OU]

road, coal, coating, load, coast, ap'proach

low, row, flow, grow, know, show, slow, own

 

cold, hold, gold, old, told, bold, only, although

J

out, found, ground, profound, a'mount, wi'thout

[au]

town, power, tower, brown, crown, down, al'low

 

GRAMMAR STUDY

2.Сравните, как переводятся Participle I Passive и Participle II в слсдуювип

предложениях (§ 95 — 97):

а)

в функции

определения:

 

 

 

 

 

 

, _ .

„ .

f being utilized (now)l.

_ .

 

 

1 .The installations

 

J

>is very efficient.

 

 

 

 

[ utilized (usually)

 

 

 

 

 

{being produced]

 

 

 

 

б)

в функции

produced

J>is of great importance for our town,

 

обстоятельства:

 

 

 

 

 

1. Being heated

1

to a sufficient temperature semiconductors

 

 

= (When) heated

r

begin to conduct electricity.

 

2. Being utilized

1

in this process control isotopes helped in

 

 

= (IJ) utilized

f

measuring the thickness of many materials

 

 

 

J

without actual contact.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

t

ifflM"

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3.Сравните, как переводятся Participle I н Perfect Participle в ФУ" обстоятельства в следующих предложениях:

1. Being subjected

1 to high pressure metals become highly

Having been subjected

f

conductive.

224

f Subjecting

" Having subjected

3. Compering

Having compared

the metal to high pressure, the scien-

tists saw...

the forces acting on the body the

engineer will determine...

4, Переведите предложения, содержащие независимый причастный оборот,

обращая внимание на его место в предложении (§ 99):

1. There are different types

of engines,

all of them representing the

meaDs by which it is possible

to utilize the tremendous amount of en-

ergy. stored in water, coal, oil,

wood and

other fuels.

2.A d. c. motor being installed* the r. p. m. can be controlled automat-

ically.

3.Different molecules have different speeds, the average speed of all

molecules remaining the same as long as the temperature is constant

4. One scientist after another have tried cooling some gas to absolute zero, their attempts coming to nothing.

5.Прочтите текст А и выпишите из него все интернациональные слова. Значения слов direction и occupy найдите в словаре. Остальные слова

переведите, не прибегая к помощи словаря.

TEXT A. THE LASER' TODAY AND TOMORROW

The laser has become a multipurpose tool. It has caused a real revolution in technology.

Atoms

emit

rays of different length, which prevents

the forming of

an intense

beam

of light. The laser forces its atoms to emit rays having

the same length

and travelling in the same direction. The

result is a nar-

row, extremely intense beam of light that spreads out very little and is therefore able to travel very great distances.

The most common laser is the helium-neon laser in the laser tube,

containing

10 per

cent helium gas and 90 per

cent neon gas. At the

end

°f the tube

there

is a mirror, and at the other

end there is a partial

mir-

rorThe electrons get energy from a power supply3 and become "ex-

cited", giving off energy as light. This

light is reflected by the mirror at

end of the tube. It can only escape through the partial mirror at the

°wer end of the tube.

 

Since then scientists have devel-

The first laser was built in 1960.

JP^ several types of the laser

which

make use of luminescent crystals,

luminescent glass, a mixture of

various

gases and finally semiconductors.

Having been developed at Lebedev Institute of Physics in 1962, ^iconductor quantum generators occupy a special place among the op-

8 ,6ll

e OIUI

225

~ ®AMp*„

Neon helium gas

Laser lisht

Power supply

tical generators. While the size of the ruby crystal laser comes to tens centimetres and that of the gas generator is about a metre long, л semiconductor laser is a few tens of a millimetre long, the density of и radiation being hundreds of thousands of times greater than that of the best ruby laser.

 

But the

most

interesting thing about the semiconductor laser is that it

is

able

to

transform electrical

energy

directly into light wave energy

With an efficiency approaching

100 per

cent as compared to a maximum

of

about

1

per

cent

of other

types, the

semiconductor laser

opens up

new possibilities

of

producing

extremely

economical sources

of light

But it is in the field of communication that the laser will find its most extensive application in future. Scientists foresee the day when a single laser beam will be employed to carry simultaneously millions of telephone conversations or a thousand of television programmes. It will serve for fast communications across continents, under the sea, between the Earth and spaceships and between men travelling in space.

The potential importance of these applications continues to stimulate new developments in the laser field.

Notes on the Text

I.the laser — слово лазер состоит из начальных букв фразы, описывающей функцию

прибора: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation — усиление свете» результате вынужденного излучения

2.partial mirror — полупрозрачное стекло

3.power supply — источник питания

Words to Be Learnt

approach v—приближаться;i достигать

beam n — луч

carry v — передавать compare v — сравнивать density n—плотность emit v — излучать employ v — использовать extensive a — обширный

foresee (foresaw; foreseen) v—предвид41*

intense

 

a—интенсивный

 

mirror

 

n — зеркало

 

narrow

a — узкий

 

prevent

v — препятствовать

 

iiugitsingle

ua — одинидпп,

единственныйk^nnviawani»"

.

spread

 

(spread)

v—распространя'

 

travel

v — двигаться

 

226

.^gnitt на

вопросы:

 

* j What

is

the

laser?

 

> What

is

the

function of

the laser?

j What beam of light does the laser produce?

When

was the first laser

built?

"What types of quantum generators did scientists develop after 1960?

What type of the laser is the most common one at present?

Where will the laser find the most extensive applications in future?

 

 

 

WORD STUDY

 

^ q помощью суффиксов образуйте

и

переведите:

 

,J „ругательные:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-ic: atom, electron,

magnet,

cosm(os), realist

-al: univers(e), culture), spectr(um),

electric

-ive: to

creat(e),

to

conduct,

to

act,

product

-able: to

vary, to

approach,

to

achiev(e),

to compar(e)

-fill: success, doubt, use,

wonder,

peace,

beauty

-less: help, doubt, change,

home,

voice,

meaning

-y: sun,

hill, rain,

wind

 

 

 

 

 

 

-ous: to

continu(e),

to vary,

danger

 

 

б) наречия:

-ly: extreme, initial, perfect, final, excellent, rough, instant, swift, equal, simultaneous, comparative, exact, large, hard, high, short

lПереведите слова; обратите внимание на то, что суффиксы -er, -th, ~ent, -ant

служат для образования разных частей речи:

_СжюсТвительное

Прилагательное

Существительное

Числительное

thinker

thicker

length

fifth

designer

larger

depth

twelfth

student

different

width

twentieth

assistant

important

breadth

fortieth

Переведите сочетания слов; обратите внимание на значения префиксов (§ 142, 5): to operate without recharging; to overestimate the results of the in-

stigation; to

superheat the compound; to enrich the metal; to produce

^toi-manufactured

parts; interplanetary communication; the property of

suP«rconductivity

 

 

Ю.

n

 

 

 

"J определите функцию и форму причастия в предложении; б) предложения

 

Ведите:

 

 

 

fftore

Using isotopes in measuring the diffusion of metals we got much

accurate

data.

 

2.

Being

used

in

measuring the diffusion of metals isotopes gave

•

 

m ore accurate

data.

8*

 

 

 

 

227

3.

Scientists have found a simple way

to produce a laser Ьеащ

 

any colour and frequency desired.

 

°f

4.

Having used a laser beam

scientists obtained accurate calculati

 

of Jupiter's temperature

—

minus 150°F.

0Qs

5.

Being produced by the laser the narrow intense beam travels gr

 

distances without spreading.

 

 

 

1

6.

When sent to the Moon in

1962 an intensive red beam illuminate

a section of the Moon

only

two

miles in

diameter.

 

7.

Having reached the surface of the Moon, it returned to the Earth

three

seconds later, its return being recorded

by sensitive devices.

 

8.

The beam travelled 800,000 km in space, its velocity approaching

that of light.

 

 

 

 

g

11.Сравните функции герундия и причастия в следующих фразах; переведвц эти фразы:

1. Making use of radioactive isotopes biologists

are

able... Making

use of radioactive isotopes opens up...

 

 

2. Our scientists are investigating new kinds of...

The

purpose of this

research is investigating new kinds of...

 

 

3.(While) describing the process the researcher... In describing the process the researcher...

4.Having investigated the phenomenon the scientist... After having investigated the phenomenon the scientists... The scientist's having inves-

tigated the phenomenon led him to...

12.Определите форму глагола на -ing (the Gerund или the Participle) и

переведите текст (§ 105):

Using

electricity on a large scale opens up

great possibilities in vari-

ous fields

of science and

everyday life. Using electric light in our homes

we seldom

think of those

who were the pioneers

in electrical engineering.

Several remarkable Russian scientists have made a great c o n t r i b u t i o n to the science, Yablochkov and Lodygin being the best known to everyone. Lodygin's having produced the first incandescent lamp is a generally recognized fact. His first lamps (1872), consisting of a glass bulb with a carbon rod serving as a filament, however, were imperfect, their life being only 30-40 minutes. Having introduced several carbon rods instead of one the scientist made the lamp serve a longer period.

After having seen Lodygin's lamp Edison took great interest in the ю vention. We know of his having worked at the improvement of the law for several years. In 1879 Edison succeeded in creating an improved la*1* which solved the problem of getting cheap electricity on a wide seal ^

However, the carbon filament not being efficient and econo enough, Lodygin turned to the study of metals. Soon the necessary

228

i

. a high melting point was found, it was tungsten. Many difficulty joying been overcome, the problem of lighting our streets, plants

homes was solved.

ПсрсведмТС п Ре д л о ж е н и я > обращая особое внимание на значения выделенных ,3' слов и сочетаний:

1 At present there exist laser devices of various sizes, big and small, latter being widely employed in various branches of our industry. 2 These semiconductor devices are made both of germanium and

silicon, the former being in a more advanced state of development.

3. In mechanics we are interested in two kinds

of energy,

namely,

jcinctic energy

and potential energy, the latter being

the energy of posi-

tion while

the

former being the energy of motion.

 

4. On

the

one hand, platinum is one of the most useful metals, but

on the other

hand, it is too expensive to be widely used in

industry.

14.Внимательно прочтите и переведите слова, имеющие некоторое сходство в

написании:

from — form — former

to finish — to furnish

letter — latter — later

how —

now

though — through — thought

then —

than

read — ready — readily

knew —

new

signal — single

this — thus

serious — series

some —

same

name — namely

very —

vary

15Прочтите текст и постарайтесь понять его содержание, пользуясь списком новых слов:

TEXT В. THE ELECTRO-IONIZING LASER (EIL)

capabilities pi—возможности

process

v — обрабатывать

correct

a — правильный

pulse duration — продолжительность

carbon

dioxide — двуокись

импульса

 

углерода

sound

v — звучать

list v — перечислять

tremendous

a — огромный

Dearly

adv— почти

weld v

—

сваривать

DolJ?6 20th century was often called the age of the atom, the age of tyjners, or the space age. It would be equally correct to call it the age *be laser.

h is impossible to list all the jobs the laser can do. It has become a It , ° u r life being used in various industries, medicine, biology, etc. be mentioned that all the methods we know of processing ma- s w»th the laser were suggested not long ago. Physicists knew of

229

"

the tremendous capabilities of the laser beam, but they could not be r ized until the laser of adequate capacity was developed. To make a device really useful the radiation intensity had to be increased (since ^ pacity determines productivity) and high beam efficiency created. ^

Creating a highly effective laser device is still one of the main prok lems of quantum electronics. In a gas laser device all one has to do '

order to increase the capacity

is to increase

the volume and the pressi»!!

of gas. This sounds simple,

but the doing

of it is not.

The best results were achieved with electro-ionizing laser devices (EILs) operating on carbon dioxide. They have found a wide field of application. EILs of some 10-kilowatt capacity can weld and cut metalpulse EILs with radiation energy of 10 kilojoules and a pulse duration of 1/1,000,000,000th of a second can heat plasma to nearly thermonuclear temperatures.

*16. Закончите предложения в соответствии с содержанием текста:

1. The list of jobs the laser can do is...

a)limited;

b)very short;

 

c)

so long that it is impossible to name all of them.

2.

The

laser productivity is determined by...

 

a)

radiation intensity;

 

b)

the volume of gas in a laser tube;

 

c)

the size.

3.

One

of the main problems of quantum electronics is...

 

a)

creating a very small laser device;

b)creating a laser device which would operate in various conditions;

c)creating a highly effective laser device.

17.Заполните пропуски, пользуясь списком слов, данных ниже:

1.

One cannot ... all

the jobs which the laser can do.

2.

Scientists say that

the ... of

the laser are tremendous.

3.

The laser is widely used for ... and ... metals.

4.

The gas lasers operating on

has found a wide field of apph<*"

tion.

cutting; capabilities; welding; carbon dioxide; list

Revision Exercise

Определите значения глагола to be в предложениях (§ 132). Текст переведя1*

Physics is the science studying various phenomena in nature. Its ject is to determine exact relations between physical phenomena. Ph>'

230

J

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