.. jjjed very naturally into two great branches, experimental and theo-
'S cal ^he t a s ^ |
f o r m e r ^ t 0 make observations and carry out ex- |
^ ments On the basis of the experimental facts theoretical physics is to P^Iyjlate laws and predict the behaviour of natural phenomena. Every js based on experiments, therefore it is important that experiments '^done very accurately. It was the study of natural phenomena that ^de it possible to formulate various laws. There are still a lot of problems to be solved. Scientists all over the world are doing their best to
flud answers to numerous yet unsolved problems.
|
IT IS INTERESTING TO KNOW THAT... |
...a laser beam is |
already widely used in medicine. |
|
|
...a beam emitted |
by a helium-neon laser can be |
used |
for taking |
X-ray pictures, it |
being quite harmless |
for |
man's organism. |
|
...laser |
beams |
are |
now being used |
for |
treatment and |
for |
diagnostics |
of various |
diseases. |
|
|
|
|
|
ЗАКОНЧИВ РАБОТУ НАД УРОКОМ 17, ВЫ ДОЛЖНЫ ЗНАТЬ:
1. Чтение букв и буквосочетаний, передающих звуки [ou] и [аи].
2. Грамматический материал: все формы причастия и способы их
перевода, |
как определить |
в |
тексте |
независимый причастный |
оборот и |
правильно перевести |
его. |
|
Слова, выделенные для запоминания, с. 226. |
Вы должны знать |
416 |
слов и |
выражений. |
LESSON EIGHTEEN
Грамматика
1.Объектный инфинитивный оборот (сложное дополнение).
2.Субъектный инфинитивный оборот (сложное подлежащее).
3.Предложный оборот for + существительное (местоимение) - инфинитив.
КАК РАБОТАТЬ НАД УРОКОМ
Урок рекомендуется изучать следующим образом: 1. Проработайте грамматический материал:
а) объектный инфинитивный оборот (§ 87—89). Обратите внимание на то, что на русский язык предложения с этим оборотом переводятся сложноподчиненными предложениями с придаточным дополнительным. Выучите глаголы, после которых употребляется объектный инфинитивный оборот, с. 235—236. Пользуясь
таблицей форм инфинитива в § 84, |
выполните упражненш |
1 - 3 ; |
|
б) субъектный инфинитивный оборот (§ |
90). Обратите внимание |
на различные способы перевода этого оборота. Выучите
глаголы, которые |
вводят |
субъектный инфинитивный оборот; |
с. 235—236. Выполните упражнение 4. |
в) предложный оборот for |
+ существительное + инфинити |
(§91). Выполните |
упражнение 5. |
2.Прочтите текст А два-три раза и переведите его, пользуясь примечаниями к тексту и словарем. Выучите слова на с. 235. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту (упражнение 6).
3.Для расширения словарного запаса и лучшего его усвоения выполните упражнения раздела "Word Study".
4.Для закрепления грамматического и лексического материал* выполните упражнения 10—14.
5.Для повторения пройденного материала выполните упражнение раздела "Revision Exercise".
GRAMMAR STUDY
Exercises
1.Сравните пары предложении, обращая внимание на то, чем вир**®** дополнение. Предложения переведите (§ 85, 3,. § 87).
The engineer wants to carry out
1Лоте experiments,
-fhe chemist expected to obtain a J,ew substance with some new
properties.
}\ should like to repeat this reaction
The engineer wants the students to carry out some experiments.
The chemist expected his assistant to obtain a new substance with some new properties.
I should like this reaction to be repeated.
переведите |
предложения, |
обращая |
внимание |
на форму |
инфинитива, |
дарящего в объектный инфинитивный оборот (§ 87): |
|
а) 1. The engineer wants his stu- |
The engineer wants the new |
dents (them) to use new |
methods (them) to be used in |
methods |
in |
their work. |
the production process. |
2. Specialists |
believe |
engi- |
Specialists |
believe |
synthetic |
neers (them) to utilize syn- |
fibres (them) to be widely uti- |
thetic |
fibres |
for |
various |
lized in |
different industries. |
purposes. |
|
|
|
We know this scientist to have |
б) 1. We expect |
this |
scientist to |
be working at this scien- |
been working at this problem |
tific problem. |
|
|
for some |
years. |
|
2. We know |
this young man |
We know |
him to have worked |
to work in the field of |
out a new method of applying |
quantum |
generators. |
quantum |
generators in medicine. |
J- Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на отсутствие частицы to перед
мифиннтнвом в объектном инфинитивном обороте (§ 87, 88):
1. I have never heard anyone give so much interesting information
шone report.
2.The visitors saw the skilled worker assemble the tiny devices
^quickly.
3.The technician felt something heavy strike the platform. We can make an atom serve the needs of man.
Н*Р*веднте предложения с субъектным инфинитивным оборотом, обращая •"•мание на формы инфинитива (§ 90):
|
1- Light and radio waves are said to be of similar nature. |
|
|
First sputniks are known to have led the way into space for man. |
|
The neutrons and protons of |
an atom are known |
to be |
linked |
to- |
|
lo form a compact nucleus. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Many |
proteins were found |
to |
be mixtures of |
several |
chemical |
j. j*- Carbon |
steel has been known |
to be the principal product of |
the |
1 |
^dustry. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
б) 1. The laser beam seems to have almost unlimited industrial
sibilities. |
P°s- |
2. |
These chemical changes appear to have been caused by heat |
3. |
The |
capacity of this aggregate proves to be increasing during л |
experiment. |
e |
4. |
This new approach to the problem discussed appears to be л» |
most |
satisfactory. |
в) |
1. Mobile atomic power stations are certain to be developed апн |
maintained |
in our country. |
2. |
These experiments are likely to have been made in suitable conditio^ |
3. |
The |
discovery of a laser is sure to be of great value. |
4. |
The |
application of this device is unlikely to give better results |
5.Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод оборота for +
существительное + инфинитив (§ 91):
1.A high energy of activation is necessary for the reaction to proceed.
2.Nearly a month is required for the Moon to circle the Earth.
3.For the fusion process to take place the temperature is to be fantastically high.
4.It is very good for this engine to have been repaired before the experiment begins.
5.This is a good possibility for us to utilize the electronic equipment for speeding up the process of calculation.
TEXT A. TODAY'S ASTONISHING COMPUTERS
Not long ago computers were not very reliable and comparatively slow in operation. Since then, several generations of complex electronic
computing |
equipment |
have been |
developed, |
each |
being |
significantly |
better than the one before it. Almost every day a new use |
is |
found for |
these astonishing devices to help man. |
|
|
|
|
We know a computer to be |
a |
complex |
electronic device |
that can |
store and process vast quantities |
of |
information. Following |
instructions, |
computing |
equipment |
will perform |
calculations |
such |
as addition, subtrac- |
tion, multiplication and division, and provide the answers to a large vari- ety of problems in a tiny fraction of time.'
A computer is known to be the "heart" of an electronic data process
ing system,2 other parts |
of equipment being auxiliary. |
^ |
There |
are two main |
types of |
computing equipment — |
digital afl^ |
analogue. |
They work differently |
and yield different results. |
The |
tfter is performing a much broader range of functions than die ana-
^ fhe analogue computer, as its name implies, produces analogues or MC[S of the process to be described or the problem to be solved. r T jjje digital and the analogue computers must be "programmed". s means they must be set up in such a way that they can produce a
i-jlt from the information fed into them, and the information itself jjjust be organized so that it can be handled by the machines. These de- vices working by electronic impulses perform at fantastic speed and with pax precision.
An initial prototype of what is often called the Global Information In- frastructure is known to be named the Internet. The Internet has revolutionjjcd the computers and communications world. The invention of telegraph, telephone, radio and computers set the stage for this unprecedented integration of capabilities and a medium for collaboration and interaction between individuals and their computers without regard for geographical location.
The history of the Internet is complex and involves many aspects — technological, organizational and community. Its influence reaches not only to computers communications but throughout the society, as one of the most popular Internet services nowadays is e-mail. Each new generation of computers opens up a new possibility for basic and applied research.
Notes on the Text
1.tiny fraction of time — очень короткий период времени
2.date processing system — система обработки информации
Words |
to Be Learnt |
•ccomplish v — осуществлять |
precision n — точность |
•«кШагу a — вспомогательный |
process v — обрабатывать |
" — данные, информация |
range л — диапазон |
describe v — описывать |
reliable a — надежный |
a — цифровой |
setup (set) v — организовывать |
Я*®*ration n — поколение |
yield v — выдавать; производить |
p t e a t n — растение |
|
ГЛАГОЛЫ, которые вводят объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты
know |
_ |
знать |
**У |
— |
говорить |
to rePort |
— |
утверждать |
— |
сообщать |
to expect |
|
ожидать |
|
|
to consider |
|
|
|
to think |
|
считать, полагать |
|
|
to believe |
|
|
|
to find |
|
|
|
|
to suppose |
- — |
предполагать |
|
|
6) to see — |
видеть |
|
to feel — |
чувствовать |
to hear — слышать |
to make — заставлять |
|
|
Глаголы, |
которые |
вводят: |
объектный инфинитивный оборот
а) to like — нравиться to want — хотеть
to wish — желать
should / would | like — хотелось бы
б) to order — приказывать to ask — просить
to allow / to permit j позволять
to enable — давать возможность to cause — заставлять
субъектный инфинитивный оборот а) to seem — казаться
to appear / to prove j оказываться
to happen — оказываться, случаться б) to be likely — вероятно
to be unlikely — маловероятно
to be certain / to be sure l несомненно
6. Ответьте на вопросы: |
|
|
1. |
What |
were |
the |
computers |
like not long ago? |
2. |
Have |
they |
been |
developed |
since that time? |
3.What is a computer?
4.What calculations can a computer perform?
5.What two types of computing equipment do you know?
6. |
Do digital and analogue computers work in the same way? |
7. |
How do digital and analogue computers work? |
WORD STUDY
7.При помощи данных суффиксов образуйте глаголы. Переведите исходные, так и производные слова:
-en: short, soft, weak, thick, dark, light, deep, wid(e)
-ize: real, synthes(is), collectiv(e), equal, energ(y), econom(y)
^ flep® яИ-1ч> глаголы, образованные с помощью суффиксов:
Ifv: classify, intensify, simplify, electrify, solidify
ate: regulate, estimate, penetrate, activate, |
investigate |
шеелите предложения |
на русский язык, обращая |
особое внимание на значе- |
f нмя^ляГ0Л0В: |
|
|
to seem 1. казаться; 2. |
в предложениях с субъектным инфинитивным оборотом |
__ рваться (кажется, |
как оказывается) |
|
1 it seems this reaction yields a new compound with new promising
This machine seems to perform all the calculations with great
speed.
б) to appear 1. появляться; 2. в предложениях с субъектным инфинитивным
оборотом — оказываться (по-видимому, кажется)
1. New programming machines which appeared |
in |
our teaching pro- |
cess can successfully compete with a blackboard as |
a |
teaching aid. |
2. These auxiliary data appear to have helped the engineers greatly.
в) to prove |
I. |
доказывать; |
2. |
в предложениях |
с |
субъектным |
инфинитивным |
оборотом |
— |
оказываться |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1. Experimental education |
TV |
programmes |
proved |
their importance |
for extra-mural |
education. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2. This |
new |
method of |
the |
data |
processing |
proved to |
be |
very effective. |
r)to happen 1. случаться; 2. в предложениях с субъектным инфинитивным оборотом — оказываться.
1. Nobody knew what had happened to him.
2. I happened to be in the laboratory when the laboratory assistant began to adjust the machine for its first test.
10.Переведите предложения, обращая особое внимание на перевод инфинитивных оборотов (§ 87—90):
1- Most electronic computers are
expected to perform over ten thousand operations every second.
^A digital computer is supposed to Produce information by some °&cal process.
'^ е Obninsk power station is
The designer expected the
electronic computer to perform over ten thousand operations every second.
The engineer supposed the digital computer to produce information at great speed and without
mistakes.
The construction workers reported
reported to have been working r many years.
the Obninsk power station to have been put into operation.
11.*а) Определите форму и функцию инфинитива в предложении; б) Пре ння переведите.
1. The traditional approach to this problem is to consider each
process as a new problem. |
|
|
|
|
|
ne;v |
2. To make computers work fast and correctly is a very signjf: |
task. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1Ca* |
3. Scientists make new electronic machines store information, hand |
calculations and |
even control |
production |
processes. |
|
e |
4. |
A problem to be |
solved |
by a digital computer must |
be expressed |
in mathematical |
terms. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5. |
Digital computers |
are likely to be wider used than analogue ones |
6. |
The changes in air temperature prove to have affected the opera |
tion of the computer. It |
yields |
wrong information. |
|
|
7. |
Plastics are supposed to |
be used instead of metals |
in |
many cases. |
8. |
Scientists found beta-rays |
to |
consist of negative |
particles. |
9. |
Tidal forces are expected |
to |
make |
considerable contribution if not |
to present day, at least |
to future electricity production. |
|
|
10. Today scientists |
are conducting space research in order to study |
the Earth's space environment |
and |
our |
solar system. |
|
|
11. It takes much time for the reaction to complete at a low temper- |
ature. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
12. Cosmic |
rays are |
intense |
enough |
to penetrate to the bottom of |
lakes |
1,700 feet |
deep. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
13. Newton |
was the |
first |
to |
realize |
elliptical paths |
of |
comets. |
14.F = m x a is one of the equations to be used when we want to calculate changes in speed.
15.It required some more experiments for the engineer to prove the precision of the results obtained.
16.Every ton of ordinary water is said to contain about 40 grams of deuterium. At first sight this may seem to be insignificant, however,
should be remembered |
that the power generating capacity of one gram |
of |
deuterium is equal |
to ten tons of oil. |
|
|
17. The |
computing |
equipment enabled investigators to process |
the re- |
ceived data |
much quicker. |
|
|
18. It was for our |
engineer to decide what kind of computer |
to uti- |
lize |
for such calculations. |
|
12.Переведите предложения, обращая особое внимание на перевод модалИ1*1* глаголов, стоящих перед перфектным инфинитивом (§ 82):
1. The technician should have repaired |
the computing e q u i p m e n t |
days ago, but it yields wrong information |
again. |
|
Can these calculations have been performed in such a short period |
m e without a computer? |
of i |
These data must have been processed by the digital computer. |
4 |
The computer may have yielded correct results. |
5 |
The range of functions of this computing equipment must have |
|
broadened. |
Определите, какими частями речи являются выделенные слова. Предложения
, 3 ' вере**1ИТе-
j Computers process data in a matter of minutes. This process will fevent the formation of impurities.
^ 2. |
The |
capacities of mobile stations range from 600 to 700 kilo- |
watts. |
The |
operating range of this device is extremely |
broad. |
3, |
So |
far we know only a few possible functions |
of a laser. The |
new computing equipment functions normally.
14 Переведите предложения, обращая особое внимание на перевод выделенных
слов:
1. Neither drawings nor patterns are needed when we use an electronic computer. The only thing to do is to insert the formula of the
profile of a surface in the machine |
for |
the latter to machine |
the |
part itself. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2. |
A uniform |
acceleration is found |
to |
be either |
positive |
or nega- |
tive. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3. |
The rate at |
which velocity is changed due to |
change in |
direction |
or speed or both |
is called acceleration. |
|
|
|
|
4. |
Electric current gives both light and heat. |
destroyed |
nor |
cre- |
5. |
Matter and energy are considered |
to be neither |
ated. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
IS. Прочтите текст и постарайтесь понять его содержание, пользуясь списком
новых слов:
TEXT В. A NEW MICROCOMPUTER
add v — добавлять entirely adv — совершенно
environment л — окружение, среда fluctuation л — колебание
food п — пища furnace л — печь insert v — вводить
pre-set а — заранее составленный pressure-die casting — литье,
полученное под давлением soil л — почва
unit л — блок
unplug v — отключать vast а — обширный
^ A n entirely new microcomputer has been developed in our country. Microcomputer is equipped with an arithmetical logical device which e s pre-set programmes. Because of this the microcomputer can per-
form various logical functions. In other words, |
it possesses a sol • |
field for |
various commands. It is comparatively |
easy to change |
mands or |
add new ones. |
|
The arithmetical logical device is known to be adjusted by compute of a higher level. The memory device based on semiconductors keeps • formation for several days, even with the power supply unplugged this case the microcomputer automatically switches over to tiT microaccumulator.
The new computer is very small in size and weight, resistant to ten perature fluctuations, reliable and easy to operate. It does not require special ventilation. It can be used in computer control complexes as ад information-processing unit and also as a built-in computer in various analysing and display devices. It receives data, calculates the optimum conditions and supplies signals for the control of technological processes. For example, in pressure-die casting the microcomputer receives information about the temperature in the furnace, the speed of the liquid metal movements, location of the various devices,
etc. The computer processes the data and controls the casting, i. e. keeps the temperature and the pressure within required limits, and commands the beginning of the casting operation. The programme is written by technicians, and the operator inserts the required data.
The field of application of |
the new computer appears to |
be vast It |
can analyse various substances |
in oil, gas, chemical and food |
industries, |
as well as soil and plants. It can also be used for processing information about conditions in the environment, for control of conveyors and other
equipment.
4 6 . Закончите предложения в соответствии с содержанием текста:
1.The new computer is equipped with...
a)various commands; b) an arithmetical logical device; c) special ventilation.
2. |
The arithmetical logical device is known to |
be |
adjusted by... |
|
a) technicians; b) the operator, c) computers of a higher |
level. |
3. |
The memory device is based on... |
|
|
switched |
|
a) the microaccumulator; b) semiconductors; |
c) |
automatic |
4.The memory device keeps information for several days even with ® power supply unplugged because...
a) |
it |
is |
switched |
over to |
the |
microaccumulator; |
b) |
it is very small in |
size |
and |
weight; |
c) |
it |
is |
adjusted |
by |
computers |
of a higher level. |
