Англ. для заоч.Андрианова
.pdf2 The advantages of |
powder metallurgy are |
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a) |
to |
save metals |
from corrosion; |
b) |
to |
sinter small metal grains together; |
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c) |
to |
increase the |
labour productivity; |
d) |
to |
spray the powder onto other metal parts; |
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e) |
to |
increase the time of operation of sintered articles. |
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«19 Выберите |
операции, характеризующие: |
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1.The method of sintering metal grains is
2.The method of spraying powder is
a)to pressurize powder;
b)to model an article in a mould;
c)to put the mould into an electrothermic furnace;
d)to melt powder;
e)to spray powder;
f)to sinter metal grains together.
Revision Exercise
Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значения количественных чесговменнй н их синонимов:
1. Mendeleyev predicted that there must exist a few unknown ele-
ments with quite definite properties. |
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2. Our country has a lot of chemical |
research institutes. |
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3. Did it take you much time to complete the experiment last |
week? |
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it took us a great deal of time. |
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I think you have to change a little the approach to the problem. |
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Russian metallurgists work a great |
deal to develop new |
metals |
^alloys. And still there are plenty of problems to solve in metallurgy.
Russia.A large number of research workers has been trained in
dio^ |
listeners from abroad are corresponding with Moscow Ra- |
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^ |
Much time |
has passed since the days when the first TV station |
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to operate |
in Russia. |
141
DO YOU KNOW THAT...
...most of metals are silvery white or grey in colour? Copper is ^ only red metal, and gold is the only yellow one.
...the critical temperature of steel is the temperature above or ЬеЦ which the molecular structure changes?
...the critical temperature of a gas is the temperature above which и cannot be liquefied by pressure?
...the critical pressure is the pressure at which gas can be Hque fied?
ЗАКОНЧИВ РАБОТУ НАД УРОКОМ 9, ВЫ ДОЛЖНЫ ЗНАТЬ:
1. Чтение безударных гласных и многосложных слов.
2. Грамматический материал: инфинитив, его формы и функции
и способы перевода на русский язык.
3.Префиксы, данные в уроке.
4.Слова, выделенные для запоминания, с. 136.
Вы должны знать 263 слова и выражения.
LESSON TEN
Правил» чтения |
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1. Сочетание еа. |
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2. Безударные префиксы а-, Ье-. |
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Грамматика |
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Причастие действительного залога — Participle I, его |
функции |
в предложении. |
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Причастие страдательного залога — Participle II, |
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его функции в предложении. |
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Словообразование |
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Префиксы re-, super-, sub-, over-, semi-, inter-. |
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КАК РАБОТАТЬ НАД УРОКОМ |
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Урок рекомендуется изучать следующим образом: |
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1. .Выполните упражнения на повторение правил |
чтения. |
2.Проработайте грамматический материал:
а) Participle I — § 92-94. Образование и способы его перевода. Особое внимание обратите на перевод Participle I в функции
обстоятельства;
б) Participle П — § 95, 96. Запомните, какими членами предложения может быть Participle П. Особое внимание обратите на перевод его в функции определения и обстоятельства. Выполните упражнения 4, 5.
3.Перед чтением текста А выполните упражнение 6 на интернациональную лексику.
Прочтите текст А вслух два-три раза и переведите его, пользуясь I" Примечаниями к тексту и словарем. Выучите слова на с. 147. От-
ветьте на вопросы к тексту (упражнение 7).
Для расширения словарного запаса и лучшего его усвоения выполните упражнения раздела "Word Study". Выучите данные префиксы, с. 148.
6Для закрепления грамматического и лексического материала выПолните все лексико-грамматические упражнения.
£прочтите текст В и выполните упражнения 19, 20.
Для повторения |
пройденного материала выполните упражнения |
j Раздела "Revision |
Exercises". |
' прочтите раздел |
"Time For Fun". |
143
Exercises
1.Прочтите слова, обращая внимание на чтение сочетания еа:
[i:] |
— |
heat, cheap, lead, sea, means, deal, treat, in'crease |
[e] — head, bread, al'ready, heavy, measure, leather |
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ea<{ [id] |
— |
near, hear, clear, tear, rear, ap'pear |
[э:] — heard, earth, earn, early, re'search |
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[ei] |
— |
break, great, steak |
2.Прочтите словаре безударными префиксами. Ударные гласные читайте по правилам.
а- [э]— a'go, a'mount, a'way, arrange, ap'ply, a'vailable, as'sistam,
attach, attention, a'chieve
be- [bi] — be'come, be'cause, be'fore, below, be'sides, beliind
3.Прочтите глаголы и существительные одного корня, обращая внимание HI
место ударения:
'educate — ,edu'cation, |
'demonstrate — ,demon'stration, |
'illustrate— |
^illus'tration, 'indicate —#indi'cation, com'municate — |
conynuni'ca- |
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tion, ac'celerate — ac,cele'ration, in'vestigate — investigation |
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GRAMMAR STUDY |
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4. Образуйте Participles I и II |
от глаголов: |
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а) Образец: to indicate — indicating (Participle I)
1. |
to |
develop, to contain, to heat, to purify, to perform |
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2. |
to |
define, to increase, to improve, to rise, to lecture |
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3. |
to |
get, |
to |
run, |
to |
sit, to cut |
4. |
to |
tie, |
to |
lie, |
to |
die |
б) Образец: to solve — solved; to break — broken (Participle II)
1. |
to |
cross, to mount, to improve, to increase, to purify, to apply |
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2. |
to |
make, to read, to find, to |
teach, to burn, to build, to deal |
3. |
to |
do, to be, to see, to show, |
to speak, to draw, to take |
4. |
to |
cut, to put, to forecast, to |
broadcast, to cost, to let |
5. Сравните формы и перевод Participles I и II в функции:
144
(ннн, стоящего перед определяемым словом:
filing w a t e r developing country ^fleeting surface
boiled water developed country reflected light
0 о0релеления. стоящего после определяемого слова:
We need devices improving the accuracy of measurements.
The lab assistant making the works in the
The device improved gives more accurate measurements.
The results of the experiment in our lab were good,
») обстоятельства:
(When) heating a magnet we lessen its magnetism.
While analysing the quality of the alloy the engineer
showed its negative properties.
г) част сказуемого:
The power station is consuming great amounts of coal.
The transmitter will be sending signals from 2 till 5 o'clock.
When heated, a magnet loses its magnetism.
When analysed, the alloy was used in new tests.
Much coal is consumed by the power station.
The signals were sent by a powerful transmitter.
International |
Words |
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6* a) He прибегая к помощи |
словаря, |
переведите |
интернациональные слова, |
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*с^Р*чающиеся в тексте А данного урока. Обратите |
внимание |
на их полное сое~ |
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} °*ние с соответствующими русскими словами по значению |
и частичное — по |
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classification [Jklaesiftlceijn] п |
pedagogical [,pech'g:xi3ikl] a |
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^ooomics [^iika'nDmiks] п |
publication [^Ablilceiln] n |
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krizontal LhDifzDntl] a |
theoretical [Gia'retikl] a |
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^ t u r e [litntja] n |
theory ['Giari] n |
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Oology [ mэЧхэЫз!] n |
vertical ['va:tikl] a |
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145
б) Переведите со словарем слова, частично совпадающие с соответствующими русскими словами по значению и звучанию. Выберите нужное значение слова,
исходя из контекста.
analyse ['aenalaiz] v |
order ['o:cb] n |
calculation [,kaelkju'leijn] n |
organic [э:'дэешк] a |
combine [kam'bam] v |
sphere [sfia] n |
group [gru:p] n |
system ['sistim] n |
medal ['medl] n |
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TEXT A. D.I. MENDELEYEV - PRIDE OF RUSSIAN
SCIENCE
The list of spheres of knowledge which Mendeleyev's genius touched upon is enormous. Chemistry, physics, earth sciences, metrology, economics, metallurgy and much else.1 Mendeleyev's legacy comprises 25 volumes, a third of them devoted to chemistry.
D.I. Mendeleyev, the outstanding Russian scientist, was born in Tobolsk in 1834. In 1850 at the age of 16 he entered the Pedagogical Institute in St. Petersburg to study chemistry. Five years later he graduated from it with a gold medal and was invited to lecture on theoretical and organic chemistry at St. Petersburg University. To continue his studies and research Mendeleyev was sent to Germany in 1859. While living abroad he made a number of2 important investigations.
The year 1868 was the beginning of his highly important work "Fundamentals of Chemistry". When working at the subject Mendeleyev analysed an enormous amount of literature, made thousands of experiments and calculations. This tremendous work resulted in the Table of Ele-
ments |
consisting |
of vertical groups |
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and |
horizontal |
periods. |
Mendeleyev |
wasthe first to |
suggest |
a system of |
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classification in which the elements are arranged in the order of increasing atomic weights. The main idea of the Periodic System is the idea of periodic repetition of properties with the increase of the atomic weights.
Arranging all the existing elements in the Table Mendeleyev had to overcome great difficulties, as a consider-
146
able number of elements were unknown at that time and the atomic weights of 9 elements (out of 63) were wrongly determined. Thanks to his investigations Mendeleyev was able to predict not only the existence of a few unknown elements but their properties as well. Later the elements predicted were discovered.
More than 350 works created by Mendeleyev deal with a great many subjects. Combining theory with practical activities he carried out enor-
mous research in coal, iron and steel |
industries in Russia. He died |
in |
1907 at the age of 73. |
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The achievements in chemistry and |
physics at the end of the 19th |
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and the beginning of the 20th century |
made it necessary to reconstruct |
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the Periodic Table taking into account3 new discoveries. |
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Time is the severest judge in science. After more than 100 years |
of |
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its existence, the Periodic Law has preserved its full value and is being
constantly |
developed with each new discovery. |
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Notes |
oil |
the Text |
1. |
and much |
else — и многое другое |
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2. |
a |
number |
of — некоторое количество, |
ряд |
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3. |
to |
take into account — принимать во |
внимание |
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Words |
to |
Be Learnt |
achieve v—достигать achievement n — достижение amount n — количество, величина arrange v — располагать
coal л — уголь combine v — соединять
consist (of) v — состоять (из) create v — создавать, творить deal with (dealt) v — иметь дело с determine v — определять
enter v—поступать graduate v—заканчивать
7. Ответьте на вопросы:
investigate v — исследовать investigation n — исследование law n — закон
order n — порядок
overcome (overcame; overcome) v — преодолевать
predict v — предсказывать repetition n — повторение result in v — кончаться, иметь
результатом, приводить к suggest v — предлагать
1.Who was D.I. Mendeleyev?
2.Where and when was he born?
3.What institute did he enter?
4. What subjects did he study at the institute?
5.When did he graduate from it?
6.When was he sent abroad?
147
7. |
Did Mendeleyev |
publish his Periodic Law |
of |
Elements? |
8. |
What could the |
scientist predict thanks |
to |
his investigations') |
9.Were these unknown elements discovered?
10.In what spheres of science did Mendeleyev carry out research?
11.When did he die?
WORD STUDY
8.Образуйте слова с помощью префиксов. Переведите как исходные, так
производные слова (§ 142, 56). *
re-: to construct, to make, to build, to heat, to produce super-: man, critical, low, to cool, to heat
sub-: group, way, normal, tropical, to divide
over-: to work, to boil, to produce, to value, to pay, pressure semi-: automatic, conductor, official, circle
inter-: national, atomic, act, change, communication
9.Переведите сочетания слов, обращая внимание на значения выделеннш префиксов:
a lot of unsolved problems, under unusual conditions, inaccurate amount, irregular form, impossible situation, to misunderstand the drawing, to reassemble the model, to reread the article, supernatural phenomenon, to overcool the substance, to overheat the alloy, semiconductor materials, semiautomatic machine tools, intercontinental communication
10. К словам из группы (а) подберите синонимы из группы (б):
а) big, plan, to tell, enormous, to have, way, investigation, to pay attention, protection, to build, to predict, to offer
б) to give attention, tremendous, road, research, to construct, to forecast, to possess, scheme, to say, large, defence, to suggest
И. К словам из группы (а) подберите антонимы из группы (б):
а) capable, to enter, behind, beginning, equal, to ask, to connect, hot,
easy, before, similar |
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б) cold, difficult, end, to |
answer, in front of, after, to d i s c o n n e c t , ю |
graduate, different, unequal, |
incapable |
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00 |
12.Переведите на русский язык группы слов и предложения, проверив
словарю значения выделенных слов:
1.to make investigations; to make progress; two and fifteen r l i a ^ seventeen; this apparatus is made of 280 pieces; a molecule is made of atoms
148
to develop
a new type
ve,0^ment of n e w
industry; to develop the necessary properties; to deof device; the development of the economy; the dematerials; the development of mechanisms
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^e number of students; a number of investigations; numbers of |
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ople; Pa8e n u m b e r |
55; in |
magazine |
number |
one |
(No. |
1); |
motor-car |
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t 0 |
take a |
newspaper; |
to |
take interest (in); |
to |
take |
the |
form of |
a |
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tinder; |
to |
take |
into |
account; |
it takes |
me two hours to |
do this task; |
to |
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^ t |
place; |
to take part |
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13 Правильно л Р о ч т н т е |
н |
переведите следующие слова: |
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а) |
this — thus; |
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some — same; |
there — their; |
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where — were; |
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x t f y |
vary; |
law — low; |
form — from; |
only — the |
only; |
to furnish — |
to |
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finish; day — date — data; though — through — thought; read — ready
б) |
large — largely; high — highly; |
hard — hardly; |
near — nearly; |
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short — shortly; |
great — greatly |
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* 14. Переведите |
предложения, |
определив функцию причастия: а) определение, |
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б) обстоятельство, в) часть сказуемого. |
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a) |
Participle I |
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1. |
A molecule |
is a compound consisting of two or |
more atoms. |
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2. Combining |
hydrogen |
with oxygen in the proportion |
of two atoms |
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of hydrogen and |
one atom |
of oxygen |
we produce water. |
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3. When speaking about oxygen it is necessary to say that it is a colourless, odourless gas having density at standard pressure and temperature of about one seven-hundredth that of water. It is soluble in water
becoming liquid |
at about |
180 °C. |
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4. |
While burning different substances combine with oxygen. |
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5. |
The assistant was preparing the solution very carefully. |
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6. |
The solution is boiling. |
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7. |
The boiling solution has neither colour nor odour. |
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•) |
Participle II |
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1. The |
solution of the problem required concentrated efforts of |
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°*ПУ |
scientists. |
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2. |
The data |
r e q u i r e d |
were analysed in our laboratory. |
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When |
r e q u i r e d , the |
data |
will |
be applied in our practical work. |
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The investigations analysed resulted in an interesting discovery. |
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Heated glass is plastic. |
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When |
h e a t e d , glass |
can |
be |
easily |
w o r k e d . |
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^ |
Some |
heat-resistant |
types |
of |
glasses |
can be heated until they are |
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do |
not |
break, if |
then placed into ice water. |
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^ • Some |
new |
properties of the polymer |
f o u n d during the experiments |
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quite |
u n e x p e c t e d . |
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149
4 5 . Выберите перевод |
слов, данных |
в |
скобках: |
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1. |
The engineer |
(проводит) |
the |
investigation. |
2. |
The investigation (проводимое) by the engineer is important |
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3. |
The engineer |
(проводящий) the investigation works in our labo |
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toiy. |
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^ |
carrying out; is carrying out; earned out; is earned out
4. (Определяя) the properties of the alloy the scientist made lots0f experiments.
5. The properties of the alloy (определены) accurately enough. 6. When (были определены) all the properties of the alloy were
analysed.
arc |
determined; |
determined; |
determining; |
arc determining |
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7. |
The test (выполнен) by a group of students. |
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8. |
The test |
(выполненный) is very complex. |
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9. The group of students (выполняющая) the test is in the labora- |
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tory. |
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is performing; performing; performed; is performed |
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16. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на выделенные слова: |
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1. Hydrogen and oxygen exist in nature both separately and in com- |
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bination with |
other |
substances. |
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2. |
As one |
knows, there |
is neither |
air nor water on any part of the |
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Moon. |
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3. Reaching the Earth the energy sent from the Sun is either ab- |
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sorbed |
or reflected, |
or |
both. |
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4. |
Matter |
can exist |
in either of the four states — solid, liquid, gase- |
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ous or |
plasma. |
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17.Определите, какими частями речи являются выделенные слова, принимая ч>
внимание их место в предложении и формальные признаки. Прелложеяя* переведите.
1. The atmosphere of the Earth consists of various gases in varying amounts.
2. The total capacity of |
the |
new |
station a m o u n t s to 6,000,000 кй°* |
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watts. |
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3. These research centres are developing new kinds of poly"1* |
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materials in order to meet |
the needs of various branches of industry- |
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4. The scientist classified the elements in the |
order of increasiDB |
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atomic |
weights. |
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f |
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5. |
T h e s e |
articles |
d e a l |
w i t h |
t h e |
investigations |
and a c h i e v e m e n t s |
world |
science |
in the |
field |
of radioactivity. |
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150