Англ. для заоч.Андрианова
.pdf5 A g^at |
deal of attention is paid to the study of the fundamentals |
h y s i c s and |
mathematics at our higher educational institutions. |
ПооЧщт€ текст и постарайтесь понять его содержание, пользуясь списком
*новых слов:
TEXT В. ERNEST RUTHERFORD (1871-1937)
disintegration л — распад |
nuclear model — ядерная модель атома |
famous а — знаменитый |
particle п — частица |
со found v — основывать |
to scatter v — рассеивать(ся) |
leading а — ведущий |
to split v — расщепляться) |
Zealand — Новая Зеландия |
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Ernest Rutherford was born in New Zealand where he lived up to 1895. At the age of 19 after finishing school he entered the only New Zealand University founded in 1870. At that time there were only 150 students and 7 professors there. At the university Ernest took great interest in physics and developed a magnetic detector of radio waves. However, he was absolutely uninterested in the practical applications of his discoveries.
In 1895 Rutherford went to Cambridge where he continued research under Thomson (1856-1940), the outstanding English physicist. There Rutherford studied the processes of ionization in gases and took great interest in radioactivity opened by Becquerel (1852-1908), a world-known French physicist. About ten years Ernest Rutherford lived and worked in Canada. Later he lectured in leading universities in the USA and England from 1907 till 1919.
Rutherford's famous work "The Scattering of Alpha and Beta Particles of Matter and the Structure of the Atom" dealt with so-called "atom models". All main Rutherford's works deal with the nuclear models. The
splitting of the atom has opened to |
man a new and enormous source of |
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en«rgy. The most important results |
have been |
obtained |
by |
splitting the |
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«от of |
uranium. |
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For working out the theory of radioactive |
disintegration |
of |
elements, |
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°r determining the nature |
of alpha |
particles, |
for developing the nuclear |
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at°m' Rutherford was awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in chemistry. |
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Rutherford created a |
school of |
talented |
physicists |
in |
the |
field of |
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°m i c |
research. |
Russian |
scientists |
P. |
Kapitza |
and |
Y. |
Khariton were |
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n8 his pupils. |
E. Rutherford died |
in 1937 |
at the |
age |
of |
66. |
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^ • ^кончите предложения в соответствии с содержанием текста:
first university where |
Rutherford studied was in... |
a) America; b) Europe; c) |
New Zealand. |
151
2. |
The university was... |
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a) |
very old and well-known all over the |
world; |
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b) very small and quite new; |
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c) |
very large and rich in traditions. |
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3. |
At |
the university Rutherford became interested in... |
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a) |
physics; b) history; c) social sciences. |
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4. |
In |
1908 E. Rutherford was awarded Nobel |
Prize for... |
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a) his first scientific work; |
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b) |
the practical application of his investigations; |
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c)a number of researches in chemistry.
20.Заполните пропуски, пользуясь списком слов, данных ниже:
1. |
At school Rutherford ... to chemistry. |
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2. |
In |
1890 he ... the only New Zealand University. |
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3. |
Four years later he |
... from the University and went to Cambridge. |
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4. |
In |
1911 Rutherford ... a planetary model of the atom. |
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5. |
Some of his works |
... with the radioactivity of different elements. |
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6.Being a talented organizer Rutherford ... a large school of physi-
cists.
7.His ... have become world-known.
created; suggested; graduated; paid much attention; dealt; entered; investigations
Revision Exercises
I.Назовите, по каким признакам можно определить часть речи выделенных слов:
her name — we name |
this results (in) — these results |
he marks — his marks |
a great deal of — they deal (with) |
the order — they order |
the last lectures — the lectures last |
his entrance — he enters |
appointment — he was appointed |
she suggests — her suggestion |
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II.Переведите на английский язык слова в скобках, используя бегл*4**" обороты, данные ниже. Предложения переведите.
1. In order to understand |
the electronic |
theory, (необходимо) to h&vC |
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a clear understanding of the |
structure of |
matter. |
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2. |
(Возможно) to name thousands of physical and chemical |
change |
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taking |
place in nature. |
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^ |
3. |
(Интересно) to note that the physical form of an element has |
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connection with the form of |
the compound. |
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152
4 |
(Следует, сказать) |
that |
this polymer changes its colour when |
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k j |
(Можно сказать) that the preparation of the |
alloy did not take |
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я ^ |
(Говорят) that such |
tests |
should be earned out |
in a special labora- |
tory-
jt is interesting; it should be said; it is necessary; it is possible; it is said; it can be said
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TIME FOR FUN |
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Too Much Work |
Once Rutherford |
came to his laboratory late in the evening. One of |
tbe pupils was still |
busy with the instruments. |
"What are you doing here at such late time?" Rutherford asked the young scientist.
"I am working," came the proud answer. "And what do you do by day?"
"Work, of course."
"And do you work early in the morning?"
"Yes, professor, I work early in die morning as well."
Itfjtatherford looked at him with some |
pity |
and asked: |
' "And when do you think?" |
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ЗАКОНЧИВ РАБОТУ НАД УРОКОМ 10, ВЫ ДОЛЖНЫ ЗНАТЬ: |
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1. Чтение безударных префиксов а-, |
Ье- |
и сочетания еа. |
2.Грамматический материал: Participle I и Participle II, их образование, функции в предложении и способы перевода на русский язык.
3.Префиксы, данные в уроке.
Слова, выделенные для запоминания, с. 147.
| Вы должны знать 284 слова и выражения.
L
LESSON ELEVEN
Правила чтения
1.Буква w
2.Безударные префиксы com-, con-, im-, in-.
Грамматика
Герундий (The Gerund), его функции в предложении.
КАК РАБОТАТЬ НАД УРОКОМ
Урок рекомендуется изучать следующим образом:
1.Выполните упражнения на повторение правил чтения.
2.Проработайте грамматический материал: герундий. Образование и способы его перевода (§ 100—102, 105). Особое внимание обратите на перевод герундия с предшествующим притяжательным местоимением и существительным в притяжательном или общем падеже. Выполните упражнения 3, 4.
3.Перед чтением текста А выполните упражнение 5 на интернациональную лексику.
4.Прочтите текст А вслух два-три раза и переведите его, пользуясь
примечаниями к тексту и словарем. Выучите слова на с. 158. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту (>ттражнение 6).
5.Для расширения словарного запаса и лучшего его усвоенм выполните упражнения раздела "Word Study".
6.Для закрепления грамматического и лексического материала выполните упражнения 11—18.
7. Прочтите текст В и выполните упражнения 20, 21.
8.Для повторения пройденного материала выполните упражнения раздела "Revision Exercises".
9.Прочтите раздел "Do You Know That...".
Exercises
1. Прочтите слова, обращая внимание на чтение буквы и>:
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[w] —we, |
well, wave, way, wall, world, water, wonder, |
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yv< |
when, what, while, white, where, which, why |
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[—] —how, |
power, |
brown, |
flow, show, own, yellow, who, |
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whole, write, |
wrong, |
answer |
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и а г т 0 ,
w
154
лмвчтнте |
слова с безударными префиксами. Ударные гласные |
читайте по |
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J- вр»внлам- |
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[кэш] — combine, |
compress, |
compose, component, |
compare, |
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с0"1' |
complete, |
computer, |
command |
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[Ion] |
—continue, concern, condition, convert, consider, con- |
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coB |
struct, consume, conduct, considerable |
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[i m ] |
—immense, important, improve, impossible, impersonal, |
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^ |
immovable, impatient, immortalize |
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[i n ] |
— include, |
industrial, |
inform, install, intense, inside, in- |
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fll~ |
spect, invent, invite, |
investigate |
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GRAMMAR STUDY
3, Дайте возможные варианты перевода предложений с герундием (§ 101, 102) в
функции:
•) вадлежашего:
1.Maintaining constant temperature and pressure during the test was absolutely necessary.
2.The student's taking part in the research was of great help to the whole laboratory.
3.His offering new temperature conditions for the system will give greater efficiency.
б) «азуемою:
1. |
The task of the factory was producing corrosion-resistant polymers |
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in far |
larger |
quantities. |
2. |
Their |
aim is finding new ways of utilizing this first-class polymer |
to light industry.
•) Дополнения:
1. The experimentalist suggested purifying the solution by a new njethod.
the |
The |
researcher |
took |
great |
interest |
in our |
improving |
the properties |
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rubber-like |
substances. |
copper |
being |
very good |
conductors of |
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. |
We |
know |
of |
silver |
and |
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Ci«ctricity.
°чР«делення:
The new heating and lighting installations supply the shops of our
^With heat and Ught.
Ц^ v At |
present scientists |
take |
great interest in the methods of turning |
"8ht |
and heat of the |
sun |
directly into electricity. |
155
д) |
обстоятельства: |
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1. By subjecting air to |
very great pressure and cooling it is possible |
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to |
transform it to the liquid |
state. |
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2. |
One cannot transform |
water into steam without heating it. |
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3. |
In converting .water |
into ice we do not change its composition. |
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4. |
Physical changes are |
those which influence the condition or state |
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of |
matter without changing |
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its composition. |
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4.Укажите признаки герундия и дайте возможные варианты перевода герундиальных оборотов и предложений, содержащих герундий (§ 100—102):
а) a new method of obtaining fine wire; to improve the strength of the material by reinforcing it with special fibre; to conduct a test without taking into account weather conditions; after estimating the resistance of
the alloy; the art of mixing |
metals with other |
substances |
б) 1. Before our testing |
the new synthetic |
film we measured its |
length and thickness. 2. Modelling will help him greatly in designing the device.
в) Professor Petrov's studying the |
properties of various kinds of |
glass gives much material for future scientific research. |
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International |
Words |
5. a) He прибегая к помощи словаря, переведите интернациональные слова, встречающиеся в тексте данного урока. Обратите внимание на их полное совпадение с
соответствующими русскими словами по значению и частичное — по звучанию.
base [beis] v |
sphere [sfia] n |
economic [,i:k3tomik] a |
transmission [traen/mijn] n |
generate ['cfeenareit] v |
transport ['traensp3:t] n |
generator ['cbenareita] n |
turbine ['ta:bin] n |
hydroelectric ['haidroui'lektrik] a |
uranium [jua'reinjam] п |
process ['prouses] n |
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б) Переведите со словарем слова, частично совпадающие с соответствующими русскими словами по значению и звучанию. Выберите нужное значение слова,
исходя из контекста.
fraction ['fraekjn] п |
principle fprmsapl] п |
generation [ d3ena'reiJn] n |
resources [ri'sD.-siz] n |
в) Найдите в словаре значение слова actually ['aektjualil adv. Это — так
называемый «ложный друг переводчика», т. е. слово, сходное по звучанию, но
совершенно не совпадающее по значению с соответствующим русским словом.
156
TEXT A. SOURCES OF POWER
The industrial progress of mankind is based on power: power for industrial plants, machines, heating and lighting systems, transport, communication. In fact, one can hardly find a sphere where power is not required.
At present most of the power required is obtained mainly from two sources. One is from the burning of fossil fuels, i. e.1 coal, natural gas and oil. The second way of producing electricity is by means of generators that get their power from steam or water turbines. Electricity so produced then flows through transmission lines to houses, industrial plants, enterprises, etc.
It should be noted, however, that the generation of electricity by these conventional processes is highly uneconomic. Actually, only about 40 per cent of heat in the foel is converted into electricity. Besides, the
world resources of fossil fuels are not ever-lasting. |
On the other hand2, |
the power produced by hydroelectric plants, even |
if increased many |
times, will be able to provide for only a small fraction of the power required in the near future. Therefore much effort and thought is being given to other means of generating electricity.
One is the energy of hot water. Not long ago we began utilizing hot underground water for heating and hot water supply, and in some cases, for the generation of electricity.
Another promising field for the production of electric power is the use of ocean tides. Our engineers are engaged in designing tidal power stations of various capacities. The first station utilizing this principle began operating in Russia on the Barents Sea in 1968.
The energy of the sun which is being used in various ways represents a practically unlimited source.
Using atomic fuel for the production of electricity is highly promising. It is a well-known fact, that one pound of uranium contains as much energy as three million pounds of coal, so cheap power can be provided wherever it is required. However, the efficiency reached in gen-
erating |
power from atomic fuel is not high, namely 40 per |
cent. |
No |
wonder, therefore, that scientists all over the world |
are doing |
their best3 to find more efficient ways of generating electricity directly from the fuel. They already succeeded in developing some processes which are much more efficient, as high as 80 per cent, and in creating a number of devices capable of giving a higher efficiency. Scientists are hard at work4 trying to solve these and many other problems.
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Notes on the Text |
1. L е. (лат. id est) = that |
is — то есть |
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2. |
он |
the other hand — с другой стороны; ов the ове hand — |
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с |
одной стороны |
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3. |
to |
do |
оае'а best — делать все возможное |
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4. |
hard |
at work — упорно |
работают (трудятся) |
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Words to Be Learnt
besides prp — кроме, кроме того capable a — способный capacity n — мощность
case л — случай cheap a — дешевый
conventional a — стандартный, обычный convert v — превращать
efficiency n — производительность, к.п.д. effort n — усилие
engaged a — занятый enterprise л — предприятие flow v—течь
fad n — топливо
however adv — однако means n — средство; by ~
of— посредством namely adv — а именно oil n — нефть
per cent n — процент reach v — достигать
represent v—представлять • require v—требовать source n — источник succeed (in) v — удаваться
tide n — морской прилив и отлив try v — стараться
6. Ответьте ша вопросы: |
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1. |
What |
is the |
industrial progress of mankind |
based on? |
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2. |
Which |
is |
the |
first widely applied method of |
producing |
electricity |
at |
present? |
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3. |
Which |
is the second way of generating power? |
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4. |
What |
(how high) is the efficiency of these |
two methods? |
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5. |
What |
do we use the energy of hot water for? |
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6. |
When |
and where did the first power station using ocean |
tides be- |
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gin |
operating |
in |
Russia? |
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7. |
What |
can |
you say about the energy of the |
sun? |
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8. What fuel is the most promising for the production of electrtf' |
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ity? |
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9. Is the efficiency of generating power from atomic fuel higb not?
10. What problem do scientists pay great attention to?-
158
WORD STUDY
п е р е д е л и т е , к каким частям речи относятся слова одного корня, затем слова
гаер«»едите (§ 142):
to exist — existence; to require — requirement; efficient — ineffi-
efficiency; to resist — resistance — resistant; possible — im- possible — possibility; to investigate — investigation — investigator; to ooly — application — applicable; to act — active — activity — actor; jo0g length — to lengthen; to differ — different — indifferent — difference; to desire — desire — desirable — undesirable; to divide — division — divisible — indivisible; science — scientist — scientific — scientifically; product — production — productive — unproductive — productivity, to create — creation — creative — creator — creatively; to vary — variety — various — variable — unvariable
g. Запомните синонимы глагола |
to work. |
Предложения переведите. |
work, function, operate, пш |
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1. The compressor is designed to |
run |
at comparatively low speeds, |
2. This type of engine will |
work |
for long periods without repair. |
operate function
3.The machines should be tested under normal
4- Two more aggregates
running
working conditions. operating
were put into
were brought into operation. came into
will be in
Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различные значения слова way:
The turbine produced by the Metal Plant last month is on its way 10 toe construction site.
2. Full-scale construction will start next year, preparations, however,
^under way.
3. My brother is a really capable man, he always tries to solve any pr°blem in his own way.
f many ways this method was different from the ones used be-
^ There exist various ways of obtaining power.
159
10. |
Переведите сочетания слов и предложения, обращая внимание на графц |
ес*Ч |
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сходство и смысловое различие выделенных слов: |
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to |
find (found) a solution (the best way, mineral resources, |
etc.) |
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to |
found (founded) a |
town (an institute, a scientific school, |
etc.) |
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1. The geologists |
found great deposits of coal in a northern region |
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2. The scientists want to found a laboratory of |
precision |
instrum^, |
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at |
the |
institute. |
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3. |
Academician Kurchatov was one of the founders of |
the Russia |
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atomic industry. His name was given to the Beloyarskaya power station founded in the eighties.
11. Письменно переведите абзац из текста А, начиная со слов "It should к.
noted...". |
01 |
12.Переведите сочетания слов, обращая внимание на перевод существителыцц в функции определения:
ocean tides, hydrogen fuel, liquid hydrogen, energy supply, road construction plan, year's construction programme, promising energy source, the country's power generation potential, oil and gas industry enterprises,
power |
transmission lines, present-day requirements |
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43 . |
Образуйте |
герундий, выбрав соответствующие глаголы, данные ниже. |
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Предложения переведите. |
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1. |
The world's first nuclear power station in Obninsk began |
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(вырабатывать) |
electricity in 1954. |
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2. |
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In fact, (превращение) conventional kinds of fuels into electricity |
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is not |
economic |
enough. |
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3. |
The idea of (использования) the energy of oceans |
is not new, but |
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tidal stations are still few. |
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4. |
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Recently |
scientists have |
succeeded |
in (создать) |
a few kinds of |
generators for (превращения) |
heat directly |
into light. |
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5. |
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This machine tool is capable of (работать) at very high speeds. |
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to |
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convert; to creatc; to utilize; to |
generate; to run |
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14.Объясните значение слов, оканчивающихся на -ing, и определите неличну»
форму глагола: причастие I или герундий.
Образец: the working motor (какой?)— работающий мотор (Participle I)
the working model (для чего?) — рабочая модель, модель для работы (Gerund)
1. the boiling water |
2. a smoking room |
the boiling point |
a smoking man |
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