Англ. для заоч.Андрианова
.pdfWhen we look at the Sun, it seems a fire ball. But even from a brief acquaintance with some of the solar phenomena it is clear that the
gun is a n |
e v e r |
boiling |
ocean. The Sun is a giant natural hydrogen bomb, |
n u i v a l e nt |
to |
millions |
of man-made ones where the thermonuclear reac- |
tion proceeds |
continuously. |
It is interesting to note that every second the Sun sends into space as much energy as mankind consumed during the whole period of its ex-
istence from |
the first fire of the cave-man to the establishment of the |
|
a t o m ic power station. |
||
Solar energy has great value to mankind. |
||
Man |
has |
tried to use solar energy since the earliest times. Methods |
of using |
the |
light and heat energy from the Sun are not new, but they |
are not |
very |
efficient as yet. |
It is necessary to find effective methods of utilizing this immense supply of free energy, to make our star — the Sun — serve mankind.
Words to Be Learnt
bright a — яркий
consume v — потреблять, расходовать due to prp — благодаря
during prp — в течение even adv — даже
exist v — существовать find (found) v — находить force n — сила
free a — свободный
heat n — тепло, v — нагревать (in)efficient a — (не)гтродуктивный lie (lay; lain) v — лежать
mankind n — человечество men-made a — искусственный matter n — материя
mean (meant) v—значить, иметь значение
Moon л — луна power п — энергия
provide v — обеспечивать, снабжать reflect v — отражать
revolve v — вращаться seem v — казаться
send (sent) v — посылать serve v — служить
since prp — с, с тех пор как solar а — солнечный strong а — сильный
Sun п — солнце supply п — запас
Universe п — вселенная value п — значение whole а — весь
Ответьте на вопросы:
What is the Sun?
2- What is the temperature at the Sun's surface?
3 - Which is the brightest star of the northern hemisphere? Is the Sun bigger than Sirius?
How many planets revolve round the Sun?
• How long does it take the Earth to revolve round the Sun?
71
7. What is the light of the Moon?
8.What does the Sun give us?
9.What reaction proceeds continuously on the Sun?
10.When did man begin to use solar energy?
WORD STUDY
10.Образуйте прилагательные при помощи данных суффиксов. Переведите исходные н производные слова (§ 142, 3):
-ful: |
help, |
wonder, |
use, |
power |
-less: |
use, |
help, power, |
motion, weight |
|
-ic: period, |
metr(e), |
atmosphere), bas(e) |
-al: physic(s), natur(e), experiment, mathematic(s) -able: valu(e), change, measure), compare)
-ant: import, resist -ent: differ, insist -ive: effect, act
11.Образуйте при помощи суффикса -Iy наречия от данных прилагательных н сравните по словарю значения прилагательного и соответствующего наречия (§ 30):
simple, normal, usual, complete large, near, great, high, hard
12.Переведите следующие сочетания слов, обращая особое внимание на значение наречий, относящихся к прилагательным:
a valuable theory |
— a highly valuable theory |
an important discovery |
— a greatly important discovery |
an effective device |
— a largely effective device |
a productive method |
— a highly productive method |
equal volumes |
— nearly equal volumes |
big supplies of energy |
— immensely big supplies of energy |
simple devices |
— equally simple devices |
efficient research |
— highly efficient research |
13. Переведите следующие сочетания слов, обращая внимание на с у щ е с т в и т е л ь -
ные в функции определения:
the surface temperature, the ocean surface, the light speed, energy supply, heat energy, a ball diameter, mercury pressure, gravitation force, the Moon's surface, the Earth's magnetism, solid properties
72
t Пос т а в ь т е |
п Р н л а г а т е л ь н ы е |
н наречия в соответствующие |
степени |
сравне- |
|||||
н я я ; б) переведите |
текст |
на |
русский язык: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mercury |
|
|
|
|
|
M e r c u r y is |
the (small) |
planet in our solar |
system, it |
is |
the |
(close) |
|||
o n e to the Sun. Apart from the Sun itself the sunny side |
of |
Mercury |
is |
||||||
the (hot) pla ce |
in ^ |
so^ar |
system. But the |
dark side |
of |
Mercury |
is |
robably even (cold) than the |
(far) planet, Pluto. It is strange to find the |
(hot) and the (cold) parts of |
the solar system on the same planet. The |
(good) time to see Mercury |
is spring. |
15 Дябте инфинитивы следующих нестандартных глаголов и выучите их основные формы (см. таблицу, с. 377-379):
found, left, lay, meant, thought, sent, began, put, fell, gave, read, rose, said
16.Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на значение союза as ... as (§ 23, 29):
а) 1. Venus is nearly as big as the Earth. 2. He answered all the
questions as well as his friends did. 3. No planet |
is as hot as the Sun. |
4. The speed at which the Earth revolves round |
the Sun is nearly as |
high as that of Venus. 5. When Mars is at its greatest distance from the
Earth |
it is nearly as |
bright |
as |
the |
Polar |
Star. |
б) |
1. The distance |
from |
the |
Sun |
to the |
Earth is as great as 150 mil- |
lion kilometres. 2. The speed of our first sputniks was as big as 8 kilo-
metres per |
second. 3. The temperature in the Sun's centre is as high as |
20 million |
degrees Centigrade. 4. The Moon is as far as 384 thousand |
kilometres |
from the Earth. |
B) 1. The mass of the Sun is 11 times as dense as lead. 2. Every
square mile on |
the sunny side of Mercury receives seven times as much |
|
®eat as a square mile on the Earth. 3. |
The year on Mars is nearly twice |
|
45 l°ng as that |
on the Earth. |
|
r ) 1. Mars |
as well as Venus is a |
planet where no life exists. 2. A |
к» has length |
as well as width. It has thickness as well. 3. The ocean |
|
air as well |
as the ocean of water |
is material. 4. Metals as well as |
erals are of great importance in industry. 5. The English system of &hts was used in England as well as in a number of other countries.
^еРсведмте предложения, обращая внимание на выделенные сочетания (§ 24):
1.хь*
ае nearer the Earth, the denser the atmosphere.
73
2. |
The |
more experiments scientists make, the greater is their kno\yj |
|
edge of the structure of matter. |
|
3. |
The |
bigger the mass, the bigger the weight of the body. |
4. |
The |
nearer the centre of the Sun, the higher the temperature. |
5. |
The |
more the scientist studied the problem, the better he understood |
|
its |
importance for man. |
6. The stronger the magnet, the greater the distance through which it ащ
18. Переведите предложения, учитывая значения местоимения it |
(§ 8): |
|
|||||||||||
1. |
It |
is easy |
to discuss |
this question. It is very simple. |
|
||||||||
2. |
It |
was |
important |
to |
solve |
this |
problem. |
It |
occupied |
all his |
|||
thoughts |
for hours. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
3. It is necessary to boil water for our experiment. Then it will be pure |
|||||||||||||
4. |
It |
was |
not |
easy |
to |
define |
the properties |
of this |
solid. |
It took |
|||
much |
time. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5. |
It |
is said that the lecture on physics was |
very |
interesting today, |
|||||||||
The professor |
illustrated |
it |
with many experiments. |
|
|
|
|||||||
6. It will be possible to provide the laboratory with new measuring |
|||||||||||||
instruments. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
7. |
It |
takes |
Jupiter about |
12 years to |
revolve |
round the Sun. |
|||||||
8. It will take scientists much time to find effective methods of uti- |
|||||||||||||
lizing |
solar energy. |
|
|
|
|
. |
|
|
|
|
|||
9. |
It |
took |
radio signals |
a |
little |
more' than 11 |
minutes |
to cover the |
|||||
distance |
from |
the |
Earth |
to |
Mars and back. |
|
|
|
|
*19. а) Употребите вместо выделенных слов соответствующие им слова-замесл-
тели, данные ниже; б) предложения переведите:
1.The day on Mars is a little longer than the day on the Earth.
2.The atmosphere of Jupiter is completely different from our atmosphere.
|
3. |
The new hydroelectric station is much more powerful than thf |
first hydroelectric station. |
||
|
4. |
Most countries use units of the metric system and not the unit* |
of |
the |
imperial system. |
|
5. There are many technical journals in our study. The most interest' |
|
ing |
journals are on that shelf. |
6. The planet Mars is much less massive than the Earth but its sity is greater than the density of the Earth.
Слова-заместителн: one; ones; that; those; ours.
74
20.Сделайте синтаксический анализ предложений по данной схеме, обращая внимание на способы выражения обстоятельства (§ 10):
Обстоятельство |
Подлежащее |
Сказуемое |
Дополнение |
Обстоятельство |
For a few years |
Albert Einstein |
lived |
|
in Prague, |
|
He |
delivered |
lectures |
at the |
|
|
|
|
university, |
|
Water |
freezes |
|
if the tempera- |
|
|
|
|
ture is below |
|
|
|
|
zero. |
1. |
Einstein presented his theory of relativity in |
1905. |
|
2. |
On the Sun |
the thermonuclear reaction proceeds continuously. |
|
3. |
The satellites revolve round the Earth like planets. |
||
4. |
Einstein got |
his first job when he was 21. |
|
5. |
When we look at the Sun, it seems a fire |
ball. |
21.Прочтите текст и постарайтесь понять его содержание, пользуясь списком новых слов и словосочетаний:
TEXT В. НОТ WATER FROM THE SUN
cheap a — дешевый designed a — спроектированный, предназначенный five-storey a — пятиэтажный
manufacture v — производить necessary a — необходимый reach v — достигать
southern a — южный
The energy which the Sun radiates every second is a million times greater than the energy which the world consumes every year.
Russian scientists found a way of utilizing this immense supply of energy with great efficiency. They constructed a very cheap water heater which uses solar energy. Such heaters will be used in specially designed houses. There is a factory which manufactures solar
heaters for heating and hot-water systems. |
|
|
|
There |
is a solar-powered boiler in Simferopol |
which |
heats a |
five-storey |
hotel. |
|
|
Buildings of several designs which use solar energy for heating |
|||
and illuminating are also built in other southern |
regions |
of our |
|
country. |
|
|
|
75
*22. Выберите правильный ответ в соответствии с содержанием текста:
1. How great |
is the energy which the Sun |
radiates |
every |
second? |
|
a) |
hundred |
times greater than is necessary |
for our |
whole |
country; |
b) |
hundred |
times smaller than the world consumes every year; |
c)a million times greater than the energy which the world consume every year.
2. |
What kind of water heater did |
Russian scientists construct? |
|
|
a) a water heater which |
uses |
atomic energy; |
|
b) an expensive water heater; |
|
|
|
c) a water heater which |
uses |
solar power. |
3. |
In what regions are there |
houses with solar heaters? |
a)in northern regions;
b)in southern regions;
c)in the Far East regions.
23.Заполните пропуски, пользуясь списком слов, данных ниже:
1. Scientists do research work which helps to utilize ... power with
great ... . |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2. |
Russian |
scientists |
constructed a water ... which uses solar ... . |
|||
3. |
There |
is |
a |
factory |
which ... solar heaters. |
|
4. |
The energy |
of the |
Sun ... and ... houses. |
|
||
5. |
There |
are already |
many houses which use |
in ... regions of |
our country.
heats; southern; solar, efficiency; illuminates; energy; heater, manufactures; solar heaters
Revision Exercise
* Заполните пропуски местоимениями, данными ниже (§ 14, 17); б) предложен**
переведите:
1. There are ... scales in which we measure temperature. |
|
|||
2. |
Do you know ... about this phenomenon? No, I know ... about it |
|||
3. |
Are there ... new instruments in your |
laboratory? |
Yes, there are |
- |
4. |
If you don't know how to solve this equation, |
ask ... to help |
У011 |
|
5. |
I did not find my drawing, I think that it is ... on your shelf. |
|
||
6. |
He was late because he didn't ask |
... to show him the way. |
||
7. |
The problem was so difficult that |
... could solve it. |
|
nobody; anything; some; anybody; somewhere; any; nothing; somebody
Do You Know That..,
the Moon is the Earth's natural satellite and is the nearest to us
in space? |
|
|
|
the Moon's nearest distance to the |
Earth |
is 221,463 |
miles? |
... it is 2,163 miles in diameter; its mass |
is 1/81 |
that of the |
Earth? |
the flights of Soviet space rockets to the Moon began on January 2,
1959?
... the first man-made Moon satellite was Luna 10 (April, 1966)?
... the first people landed on the Moon on July 21, 1969? They were the three American cosmonauts from the spaceship Apollo 11.
... Soviet automatic mooncars Lunokhod |
1 and Lunokhod 2 landed |
||
on the Moon in 1970 and |
1973 respectively? |
||
... Lunokhod |
2 covered |
37 km in 5 months and transmitted to the |
|
Earth more than |
80,000 photos of the lunar |
surface? |
ЗАКОНЧИВ РАБОТУ НАД УРОКОМ 4, ВЫ ДОЛЖНЫ ЗНАТЬ:
1. Чтение гласной о и буквосочетаний ng и nk.
2.Грамматический материал: а) безличные предложения;
б) степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий; в) формы притяжательных местоимений; г) слова-заместители.
3.Суффиксы прилагательных и наречий, данные в уроке.
4.Слова, выделенные для запоминания, с. 71.
Вы должны знать 121 слово и выражение.
LESSON FIVE
Правила чтения
1.Гласная u.
2.Согласная х и буквосочетание ch.
Грамматика
1.Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.
2.Возвратно-усилительные местоимения.
3.Местоимение one.
Словообразование Образование слов при помощи переноса ударения.
КАК РАБОТАТЬ НАД УРОКОМ
Урок рекомендуется изучать следующим образом:
1.Выполните упражнения на повторение правил чтения.
2.Проработайте грамматический материал:
а) модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты (§ 75—80). Обратите внимание на особенности модальных глаголов. Вы должны знать, что в английском языке несколько глаголов выражают долженствование: must, to have to, to be to, ought to, should Выполните упражнение 3;
б) возвратно-усилительные местоимения (§ И);
в) местоимение one (§ 18); выполните упражнение 14.
3.Перед чтением текста А выполните упражнение 4 на интернациональную лексику.
4.Прочтите текст А вслух два-три раза и переведите его, пользуясь примечаниями к тексту и словарем. Выучите слове
на с. 82. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту (упражнение 5).
5.Для расширения словарного запаса и лучшего его усвоений выполните упражнения раздела "Word Study".
6.Для закрепления грамматического и лексического матерная4 выполните все лексико-грамматические упражнения.
7. Прочтите текст В и выполните упражнения 18, 19.
8.Для повторения пройденного материала выполните упражнение "Revision Exercise".
78
Exercises
лоочтяте слова и объясните правила чтения буквы «:
Up, cut, plus, ultra, judge, hundred, current, structure, subject, upper, sudden, con'duct, con'struct, dis'cuss, re'sult
N |
put, |
pull, |
full, push, bush |
|
|
|
|
|
||||
.fur, |
turn, |
bum, |
further, furnish, |
surface, |
turner, furniture, furnace, |
|||||||
[*1 |
||||||||||||
|
re'tum |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
. |
u : j — tube, |
|
due, |
cube, |
use, unit, |
rule, blue, true, |
suit, fruit, |
fu- |
||||
|
|
ture, |
|
union, |
utilize, |
universe, |
pro'duce, |
in'clude, re'sume |
||||
[jua, иэ] —pure, |
cure, fuel, durable, |
during, |
surely, curious |
|
2 Прочтите слова и объясните правила чтения буквы х и буквосочетания сА:
[ks] —fix, mix, next, extra, excellent, complex, ex'cept, ex'plain, ex'pand
ex'tremely, ex'ternal |
|
|
|
|
||
[gz] —e'xist, |
e'xam, |
e'xert, |
e'xact, example |
|
|
|
[$] — inch, branch, |
launch, chamber, |
change, |
chain, attach, |
re'search |
||
[k] — school, |
scheme, |
chemical, |
technical, |
architect, |
mechanism, |
|
technology, me'chanical, chemistry |
|
|
||||
[J] — ma'chine |
|
|
|
|
|
Control Exercise
up, used, in'dustrial, revolution, re'sult, ma'chine, cut, must, mechanism, true, e'xist, bench, such, hundred, accuracy, pro'duce, number, pro'duction, me'chanically, complex, fully, unit, regulate, future, cure, surface, furnish, during
|
|
|
|
GRAMMAR STUDY |
|
||
|
|
|
Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты |
||||
- , |
Present |
|
Past |
Future |
Эквиваленты |
||
mutt |
|
|
|
|
|
to have to... (have /has/had to; |
|
|
должен |
|
could |
|
|
shall, will have to...) |
|
|
МогУ» умею |
|
|
|
to be able to-. (am, is. are; |
||
|
|
|
|
|
was, were; shall, will be |
||
nity |
|
|
|
|
|
able to...) |
|
|
|
might |
— |
|
to be allowed to... |
||
|
могу |
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(.«разрешено», |
|
|
|
|
||
•^^оэможно») |
|
|
|
|
|
||
^Фсьеднте предложения, |
обращая |
внимание |
на |
сказуемое: |
|||
с |
*%ильным |
глаголом: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
• ^ |
must use new methods in our |
research work. |
||||
ato |
: ^и е |
to the energy |
of the atom man |
can |
produce electric energy at |
||
|
c Power |
stations. |
|
|
|
|
79
3. |
You may use this instrument for measuring gas pressure. |
|
4. |
The planet Pluto is so far away that we cannot study it easily. |
|
5. |
They ought to help |
their friend to solve this important problem. |
6. |
He could not complete his research in time as he woiked very slowly. |
|
7. |
You should turn off |
the light before you leave the room. |
б) с эквивалентом модального |
глагола: |
1. The students were unable (were not able) to do the work without their teacher's help. He had to help them.
2. You needn't take all these measurements. We already know the volume of gas in this tube.
3.This power station was to supply us with all necessary energy.
4.He had to work hard before he was able to complete his research.
5. |
The atom is to serve mankind. |
6. |
You will have to show the equation to your teacher. |
7. |
Nobody was able to understand this mysterious phenomenon. |
8. |
As the student was late he was not allowed to enter the classroom. |
International Words
4. а) Определите значения интернациональных слов, встречающихся в тексте А данного урока. Обратите внимание на их частичное фонетическое сходство с
соответствующими русскими словами; затем слова прочтите (§ 144). При переводе обращайте внимание на пометы, обозначающие части речи.
б) Не прибегая к помощи словаря, переведите интернациональные слова. Обратите внимание на их полное совпадение с соответствующими русскими словами
по значению.
automatic [^ita'maetik] a |
mechanism ['mekanizm] п |
automation [^.ts'meijn] n |
metal ['metlj n |
basis [Ъешя] n |
principle ['prinsapl] n |
engineer [,end3i'ni3] n |
production [pre'cLvkJn] n |
industry ['indastri] n |
progress ['prougres] n |
inspect [in'spekt] v |
technological [(tekn3'bd3ikl] a |
machine [тэ'Д:п] n |
|
в) Переведите со словарем слова, частично совпадающие с соответствующими русскими словами по значению и звучанию.
complex ['kompleks] a |
operation [ррэ'гетJn] п |
factor t'faekta] n |
product ['pradAkt] n |
form [fD:m] v |
structure ['strAkt]э] n |
module ['modju:l] n |
|
80