Англ. для заоч.Андрианова
.pdf-д Some new flexible lines have been worked out at our plant lately. 35 The designers had to work out a special flexible line for their shop.
Our specialists have worked out a new experimental flexible line.
a ) разработали; b ) должны были разработать; с) были разработаны; d) должны
Task 3 |
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I Вы6ер*те английские слова, соответствующие выделенным русским: |
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1. |
размер — a) size; b) side; с) shape; d) sort |
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2. |
точный — a) powerful; b) possible; c) pure; d) precise |
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3. |
проект — a) |
defence; b) design; c) forecast; d) |
level |
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4'. применение |
— |
a) |
foundation; |
b) solution; c) |
application; |
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d) education |
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5. |
обеспечить |
— |
a) |
produce; b) |
provide; c) establish; |
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d) measure |
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IL Выберите синонимы |
к выделенным словам: |
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6. |
have — a) supply; b) possess; с) put; d) pour |
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7. |
carry out — a) play; b) pass; c) protect; d) conduct |
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8. |
link — a) connect; b) locate; c) listen; d) look |
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9. |
receive — a) |
run; |
b) rise; c) raise; d) get |
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IIL Выберите антонимы к выделенным словам:
10. send — a) test; b) receive; с) turn; d) offer
11.various — a) powerful; b) similar;' c) huge; d) wide
12.rapidly — a) slowly; b) deeply; c) brightly; d) widely
131
LESSON NINE
Правила чтения
1.Чтение безударных гласных.
2.Чтение многосложных слов.
Грамматика
Инфинитив (The Infinitive), его функции в предложении.
Словообразование Префиксы un-, поп-, in-, im-, ir-, il-, dis-, mis-.
КАК РАБОТАТЬ НАД УРОКОМ
Урок рекомендуется изучать следующим образом:
1.Выполните упражнения на повторение правил чтения.
2.Проработайте грамматический материал: образование и способы перевода инфинитива (§ 84—85). Особое внимание обратите на перевод инфинитива в функциях определения и обстоятельства. Выполните упражнения 3, 4.
3.Перед чтением текста А выполните упражнение 5 на интернациональную лексику.
4.Прочтите текст А вслух два-три раза и переведите его, пользуясь
примечаниями к тексту и словарем. Выучите слова на с. 136. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту (упражнение 6).
5.Для расширения словарного запаса и лучшего его усвоеши выполните упражнения раздела "Word Study". Выучите указанные префиксы.
6.Для закрепления грамматического и лексического материале выполните лексико-грамматические упражнения.
7. Прочтите текст В и выполните упражнения 18, 19.
8.Для повторения пройденного материала выполните упражне®* "Revision Exercise".
9.Прочтите раздел "Do You Know That...".
Exercises
1. Прочтите слова, обращая внимание на чтение безударных гласных:
vital, total, ar'rival, chemical, practical, silver, iron, copper, s ^ ' problem, purpose, certain, re'sistant, famous, e'normous, capable, suit3 instant
132
ставьте ударения и прочтите многосложные слова:
*) regular, several, substance, talented, character, continent, college, en-
(jecimal, element, magazine, maximum, minimum, mechanism
^ 6 ) technology, experiment, mechanical, economy, academy, monopoly,
-лаНшвУ» d i s c o v e r y
в) preparation, civilization, electricity, transportation, fabrication, uni- fcrSity, anniversary, communication, availability
GRAMMAR STUDY
Образуйте страдательную форму инфинитива от следующих глаголов и переведите обе формы.
Образец: to read — to be read читать — быть прочтенным;
to install — to be installed устанавливать — быть установленным
to increase, to find, to grow, to send, to consider, to carry out, to
connect, to |
break, to build, to freeze, to cut, |
to purify, to fill |
4. Переведите |
предложения, в которых инфинитив |
является: |
а) яодлежашнм:
1. То train highly qualified scientific workers is extremely important for the development of science.
2. To study this phenomenon requires much knowledge.
5) частью сказуемого:
1. Our task is to obtain a new mixture with new properties.
2. The engineer must know the conditions under which the new ma-
^al |
is to |
be utilized. |
3. The |
new apparatus was to control all the temperature changes |
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***4 |
the |
experiment. |
•) Дополнением: |
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They |
hope to be sent to the conference. |
_ 2- The engineer was asked to design a transistor device which will №te the temperature in the laboratory.
•бстоятельством:
133
1. We must build as many power stations as possible to meet
power |
needs in industry and agriculture. |
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2. |
To increase the productivity of |
the machine tool one sho |
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know |
the characteristics of the material |
which is |
being machined. |
3. |
In order to break this glass a great amount |
of force must be |
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plied. |
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* |
4. |
This problem is too complex to be solved by students. |
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5. |
This method is accurate enough to give reliable results. |
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д) |
определением: |
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1. The process to be analysed in this |
article is known as ionization. |
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2. |
Our plant produces automatic and |
semiautomatic machine tools to |
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be installed in new large shops. |
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3.The famous Russian scientist Lebedev was the first to solve the problem of synthetic rubber.
4.The laboratory assistant will be the last to leave the classroom.
5. The problem to find a more economical way of production is to be solved soon.
International Words
5. а) Определите значения интернациональных слов, встречающихся в тексте А данного урока. Обратите внимание на их частичное фонетическое сходство с
соответствующими русскими словами; затем прочтите слова.
б) Не прибегая к помощи словаря, переведите интернациональные слое». Обратите внимание на их полное совпадение с соответствующими русскими словам*
по значению.
characteristics [,kaerikto'nstiks] п |
electricity [ilek'trisiti] n |
corrosion [кэ'гоизп] л |
inert [i'na:t] а |
elastic [iHaestik] a |
industry ['indostri] n |
в) Переведите со словарем слова, частично |
совпадающие с с о о т в е т с т в у ю т * " * |
русскими словами по значению. Выберите нужное значение слова, исходя из контекс*4,
active ['aektiv] a |
fabrication [/aebrfkeijn] л |
activity [aek'tiviti] n |
nature fneitjb] n |
communication [k3,mju:ni/keijn] n |
ordinary [bidnn] a |
conductor [kan'dAkta] n |
primitive ['pnmitiv] a |
134
A. BETTER METALS ARE VITAL TO TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS
Since |
the |
earliest days |
the preparation of metals for mechanical use |
. yjtal |
to |
the advance |
of civilization. |
*Gold, silver and copper were the first to be used by a primitive man,
феу were found free in nature. Today we know more than sixty-five
^ctals available in large enough quantities to be used in industry. Metals are mostly solids at ordinary temperatures and possess com-
oaratively high melting points with |
the exception of mercury. They are |
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for the most part' good |
conductors |
of heat and electricity, and silver is |
die best in this respect.2 |
They can |
be drawn into fine wires and ham- |
mered into thin sheets.
As to3 their chemical properties the first point to be mentioned is that they vary widely in degree of chemical activity: some are enormously active and others are inert. The Earth contains a large number of metals useful to man. Of all metals to be utilized in industry iron remains by far4 the most important. Modem industry needs considerable
quantities |
of this |
metal |
either in the form of iron or steel. |
To get |
the desirable |
characteristics in metals or to improve them the |
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art to mix metals |
and other substances began to develop. The first alloys |
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that were |
formed |
in this way were sometimes stronger, tougher, harder |
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and more elastic than the metals of which they were composed. To estimate nowadays how many alloys there exist in the modern world is difficult because their numbers increase daily.
To serve special uses modem metals and alloys must be lighter yet stronger, more corrosion-resistant, more suitable for automated fabrication yet less expensive than those available before.
Scientists are developing new processes and improving old ones in 0fder to produce metals and alloys that will meet the present-day requirements. One of the most interesting purposes is, for instance,5 to metals stronger, in other words, to strengthen them by reinforcing
toem with fibres.
Today transportation, communication, fanning, construction and manuacturing all depend on the availability of suitable metals and alloys.
Notes on the Text
2 most part — большей частью
i this respect — в этом отношении *| tn
а. — что касается
®У far
5 ^ |
г — несомненно |
r |
tattance — например |
135
Words to Be Learnt
available a — имеющийся considerable a — значительный copper л — медь
desirable a — нужный difficult a — трудный
draw (drew; drawn) v — тащить, тянуть either ...or cj — либо..., либо enormously adv — чрезвычайно
enough a — достаточный estimate v — оценивать exception n — исключение expensive a — дорогостоящий fibre n — фибра, волокно fine a — тонкий
gold n — золото iron л — железо
melt v — таять mention v — упоминать need v — нуждаться
quantity n — количество remain v — оставаться resistant a — устойчивый sheet n — лист
silver n — серебро
strengthen v— усиливать, укреплять suitable a — пригодный
thin a — тонкий
tough a — прочный, жесткий vary v — нзмснять(ся)
wire л — проволока
yet cj — однако, еще, уже
to meet requirements — удовлетворять требованиям
6. Ответьте на вопросы:
1.Since what time was the preparation of metals vital to the advance of civilization?
2. |
What metals did a primitive man use? |
3. |
Why did he use gold, silver and copper? |
4. |
How many metals do we know today? |
5. |
Do metals have low or high melting points? |
6. |
Are they good conductors of heat and electricity? |
7. |
Which metal is the best conductor? |
8. |
Does the Earth contain a large number of metals? |
9.What is the most important metal?
10.How are alloys formed?
11.What properties do they possess?
12.How are metals strengthened now?
13.What depends on the availability of suitable metals and alloys-
WORD STUDY
7.Образуйте слова, противоположные по значению, с помощью префикс* Переведите как исходные, так и производные слова (§ 142, 5а).
un-: desirable, wanted, solved, natural, limited, able
non-: metallic, magnetic, ferrous, productive, breakable in-: complete, dependent, ability, expensive, effective
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im-: |
Pu r e ' |
Poss*ble, perfection, patient, personal |
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jr-: |
regular, |
responsible, |
relative |
у.; |
logical, |
legal |
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jjs-: order, |
advantage, to continue, to connect, to like |
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mis-: use, |
information, |
understanding, to understand |
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Переведите сочетания слов, обращая особое внимание на перевод слов с
префиксами:
pure |
чистый, без примеси |
impure liquid |
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definite |
определенный |
indefinite amount |
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черный (только о металле) |
non-ferrous metals |
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ferrous |
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regular |
правильный |
irregular triangle |
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expensive |
дорогостоящий |
inexpensive material |
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living |
живой |
non-living organism |
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visible |
видимый |
invisible ray |
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stable |
устойчивый |
unstable element |
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metallic |
металлический |
non-metallic mineral |
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valuable |
ценный (благородный) |
invaluable metal |
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hardened |
закаленный |
unhardened steel |
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organic |
органический |
inorganic crystal |
9.Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод глагола to make в
сочетании с прилагательными:
1. |
A piece of metal can be made longer and |
thinner when it is |
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drawn |
into a fine wire and hammered into a sheet. |
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2. |
The development of physics of metals makes |
the |
field of metal- |
lurgy |
broader. |
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3. |
No type of heat treatment can make copper harder. |
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4. |
Such a solution will make the problem more difficult. |
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5. |
This method makes our work easier. |
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6. |
Carbon makes the physical qualities of the metal |
better. |
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Образуйте существительные при помощи суффикса -ity по предлагаемому
образцу. Предложения |
переведите. |
fluid, |
fluidity. |
Tbe metal is - plastic, |
It possesses |
elastic, |
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ductile. |
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137
11. Перевелите сочетания, обращая внимание на перевод слов одного корнц.
1. to resist very high temperatures; to possess resistance to cor^ sion; to be resistant to deformation
2.a strong man; a strong metal; the strength of knowledge; ц, strength of materials; to strengthen the resistance; to strengthen structure
3.to conduct electricity; to conduct a research; a conductor 0f
electricity; a conductor of a train car; the conductor of an orchestra; the conductivity of heat
12.Найдите сказуемое и по месту инфинитива относительно сказуемого
определите функцию инфинитива в предложении. Сочетания слов переведу
а) |
1. |
То |
serve |
special |
uses |
means... |
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To |
serve |
special |
uses |
metals and alloys must be... |
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2. |
To improve old processes one should... |
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To |
improve old processes is vital for... |
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3. |
To |
make steel harder it is necessary... |
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To make steel harder requires... |
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б) |
1. |
To |
be tested the metal is placed... |
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The |
metal |
to be |
tested is placed... |
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2. |
To |
be utilized in industry the metals are to be... |
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The |
metals to be utilized in industry are to be... |
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в) |
1. |
Our |
task is to vary the properties... |
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The |
designer is |
to vary the properties... |
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2.The new substance is to reinforce...
The problem is to reinforce...
13.*a) Определите функцию инфинитива в предложении; б) дайте в о з м о ж н ы е
варианты перевода предложении.
1. Above |
certain critical |
temperature, changes begin to take place ю |
the molecular |
structure of a |
metal. |
2.To prepare metals for practical use requires much knowledge and experience.
3.The aim of any research is to enlarge the possibilities which offered by modem science.
4. |
In order to |
prevent corrosion, metals to be used in industry m |
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be covered with |
special paint. |
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5. |
It is difficult to define what an amorphous material is. It may |
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composed of crystals which are |
too small to be detected. |
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6. |
This metal |
is too brittle |
to be hammered. |
138 |
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7 |
Dissimilar metals and alloys are joined to get |
the final |
product |
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th qualities of each component. Metals |
and alloys |
to |
be joined are |
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*Vced |
close together and are subjected to |
pressure and |
shock |
waves. |
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^ g |
To strengthen metals is to reinforce |
them with fibres. |
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9 To produce changes in physical state a considerable amount of thermal energy must be supplied to metal.
jO. A very good practice is to introduce the best scientific inventions
into industry. |
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11. Toughness is the |
ability of a material to absorb mechanical en- |
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ergy by permanent deformation without breakage. |
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12. Steam engines were the first to be tried in |
aeroplanes but they |
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were too heavy to be of |
any |
real use. |
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13. Steel is the metal |
to be |
formed from iron with a definite amount |
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of carbon. |
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14. If steel is heated |
above critical temperature, it becomes softer |
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and much easier to be machined. |
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15. This alloy is not |
tough enough to be used |
in this process. |
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14.Сделайте письменный перевод двух абзацев текста, начиная со слов "То get the desirable characteristics...".
15. Переведите предложения, обращая внимянне на значения слов only, too:
1. |
Most of the metals are |
silvery |
white or grey in colour. Copper is |
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the only |
red |
metal and gold |
is the |
only yellow |
one. |
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2. |
In |
the |
Universe where |
all is in |
motion and |
nothing is fixed, only |
light always has the same speed. The speed of light is the only constant quality.
3. |
Hardened steel |
is too brittle because of internal strain. |
4. |
Aluminium has |
light weight and it has considerable resistance to |
corrosion, too.
Определите, какими частями речи являются выделенные слова, принимая во внимание их место в предложении и формальные признаки. Предложения переведите.
1- The new hydroelectric station supplies energy to many industrial ^tres. The supplies of electrical energy in our country are very great.
What material will you need to build these new machine tools? A S^t need of metals with better properties led to creation of alloys.
3. The study of matter in a higher state of purity became a subject
f^^tal interest to research workers. |
Equations that state a rule in brief |
are called formulae. Our state |
does much for the development of |
^ c e and engineering. |
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139
17. Прочтнте текст н постарайтесь понять его содержание, пользуясь спцс
новых слов: |
^ |
TEXT В. SUPERHARD MATERIALS FROM POWDER |
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advantage л — преимущество |
mould п — форма, опока |
article п — изделие |
powder п — порошок |
coating п — покрытие |
recognize v — признавать |
double v — удваивать |
reliability п — надежность |
furnace п — печь |
sinter v — сплавлять |
grain п — зерно |
spray v — распылять |
layer п — слой |
worn-out p.p. — зд. изношенный |
The development of a number of industries is unthinkable without materials with special properties. Powder metallurgy helps to obtain such materials.
The operational principle of powder metallurgy |
is very |
well |
known |
— an article of necessary size is modelled, in a |
mould, |
out |
of very |
small metal grains and is put into an electrothermic furnace where the
grains get sintered together. |
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The coefficient of the use of metal grows by five times and |
the time |
of operation of powder articles increases greatly. The sintered |
articles |
have already shown their advantages in outer space, in deep sea conditions and inside various machines. The antivibration alloys of the "iron-copper" type made it possible to double the life of drilling tools. This increased the labour productivity by 20 per cent.
Russian scientists were the first to develop a new superhard material out of boron nitride. The priority of Russia in developing the first article out of so-called viscous ceramics has been recognized in many countries.
There is another method when powder is sprayed onto the worn-ouJ metal parts. The spraying of powder on articles made of usual stee makes them highly heat-resistant and much stronger. Their reliability an length of service increases. The powder is pressurized, melted an sprayed in a thin layer on different metal parts. Such a coating saV metal from corrosion for a period of 25 years.
*18. Закончите предложения, выбрав ответ, соответствующий содержанию тек*^
1.Powder metallurgy helps to obtain
a)conventional steel; b) drilling tools; c) superhard materials-
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