комплексная реабилитация

ɆɈȾȿɅɖ ɄɈɆɉɅȿɄɋɇɈɃ ɊȿȺȻɂɅɂɌȺɐɂɂ ɂɇȼȺɅɂȾɈȼ ȼ ɊɈɋɋɂɃɋɄɈɃ ɎȿȾȿɊȺɐɂɂ

ɇɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɲɤɨɥ VIII ɜɢɞɚ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɲɤɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɞɥɹ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɫ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɩɨ ɬɚɤɢɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɤɚɤ ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɢɹ, ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɬɪɭɞ, ɫɬɨɥɹɪɧɨɟ ɞɟɥɨ, ɲɜɟɣɧɨɟ ɞɟɥɨ, ɮɥɨɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ, ɤɚɪɬɨɧɚɠɧɨ-ɩɟɪɟɩɥɟɬɧɨɟ ɞɟɥɨ.

Ʌɢɰɚ ɫ ɥɟɝɤɢɦɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɫɜɨɢɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɤɪɭɝ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɱɢɥɢɳ, ɤɚɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɲɤɨɥɚɯ.

ȼ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɲɤɨɥɚɯ VIII ɜɢɞɚ ɫ 10, 11 ɢ 12-ɬɢ ɥɟɬɧɵɦ ɫɪɨɤɨɦ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɫ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɹɞɚ ɩɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɱɚɳɢɦɫɹ, ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɫɞɚɜɲɢɦ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɧɵɟ ɷɤɡɚɦɟɧɵ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɱɢɥɢɳɚ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ (ɬɚɤɨɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ) ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɫ ɥɟɝɤɢɦɢ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɣ ɛɸɪɨ Ɇɋɗ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ.

Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɫɹ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ — ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜ ɫ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦɢ ɜ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ.

ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɱɢɥɢɳɚɯ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɚɦɨɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɣ, ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɦɢ ɩɥɚɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɦɢ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɣ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ.

ɉɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɝɟɧɬɚ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɣ, ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɦɢ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɜ ɛɸɪɨ Ɇɋɗ.

ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɱɟɛɧɨ-ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɢɰ ɫ ɥɟɝɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɢɯ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɭ:

139

ɆɈȾȿɅɖ ɄɈɆɉɅȿɄɋɇɈɃ ɊȿȺȻɂɅɂɌȺɐɂɂ ɂɇȼȺɅɂȾɈȼ ȼ ɊɈɋɋɂɃɋɄɈɃ ɎȿȾȿɊȺɐɂɂ

ɧɢɡɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ, ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɯ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɯ ɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɩɨɤɚɡɨɦ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɭɩɨɪ ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨ-ɩpɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ;

ɡɚɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɡɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɟ ɞɢɤɬɭɸɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ;

ɧɢɡɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ, ɤɚɤ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ, ɫɢɧɬɟɡ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ, ɚɛɫɬpɚɝɢpɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɨɩɨɪɵ ɧɚ ɩpɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ-ɞɟɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɬɶ ɰɟɥɟɧɚɩpɚɜɥɟɧɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶ ɜɵɲɟɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ;

ɢɡ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɱɢ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɫɬɚɥɵɯ ɜɵɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɛ-ɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɤɚɡɚ ɨɬ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɧɚɞɨ ɢɡɛɟɝɚɬɶ ɥɟɤɰɢɣ), ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩpɨɫɬpɚɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɩɢɫɟɣ ɜ ɬɟɬɪɚɞɢ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɜɵɝɨɜɚɪɢɜɚɹ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɵ;

ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɧɟɭpɚɜɧɨɜɟɲɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɧɚ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹɯ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɩɨɤɨɣɧɭɸ ɞɨɛpɨɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟpɭ ɛɟɡ ɤɪɚɣɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɦɨɰɢɣ, ɫ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟɦ, ɱɭɬɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɬɟɪɩɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɫɦɟɧɵ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ, ɛɟɫɩɪɢɱɢɧɧɭɸ ɡɥɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɷɣɮɨɪɢɸ;

ɧɟɰɟɥɟɭɫɬpɟɦɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɨɥɢ, ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ, ɥɸɛɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɵ, ɧɢɡɤɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɰɟɥɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɗɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɨ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ

ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩpɨɛɥɟɦɧɨɫɬɢ.

ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɥɢɰ ɫ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɫ ɨɩɨɪɨɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ, ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ:

ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɝɟɧɬɚ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɯ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢɯ ɭɱɟɛɧɨ-ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚ- ɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ;

ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɟ;

ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɩɨɭɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɧɨɜ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɚɦ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ;

ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɜɵɛɨɪɨɱɧɵɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ, ɩɪɢɟɦɨɜ, ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ;

140

ɆɈȾȿɅɖ ɄɈɆɉɅȿɄɋɇɈɃ ɊȿȺȻɂɅɂɌȺɐɂɂ ɂɇȼȺɅɂȾɈȼ ȼ ɊɈɋɋɂɃɋɄɈɃ ɎȿȾȿɊȺɐɂɂ

ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɝɨ ɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɬɨɝɨɜ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ.

ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɨ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ ɫ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ [24].

Ɍɪɭɞɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ. Ɍɪɭɞɨɜɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ - ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ ɫ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɶɸ. Ɉɧɚ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɢɝɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɬɪɭɞɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɯ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ.

ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ ɭɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ. ɉɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɬɪɭɞɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɯ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ, ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɢ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɧɚɲɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ, ɧɨɜɵɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɦɢɪɟ.

ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ, ɝɞɟ ɬɪɭɞɨɭɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɵ ɫ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɶɸ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ:

x ɥɟɱɟɛɧɨ-ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɬɟɪɫɤɢɟ ɩɫɢɯɨɧɟɜɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɚɬɨɜ;

x ɥɟɱɟɛɧɨ-ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɬɟɪɫɤɢɟ ɩɫɢɯɨɧɟɜɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɢɫɩɚɧɫɟɪɨɜ;

x ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɬɪɭɞɚ.

Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ (ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ), ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɲɤɨɥ, ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɬɟɪɫɤɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɬɪɭɞɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ.

ɂɧɜɚɥɢɞɵ ɫ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɶɸ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ

ɩɫɢɯɨɧɟɜɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɞɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɞɨɦɚɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɚɬɚɯ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɬɪɭɞɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ. ɉɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɯ ɲɜɟɣɧɨɦɭ, ɲɬɭɤɚɬɭɪɧɨ-ɦɚɥɹɪɧɨɦɭ, ɩɪɚɱɟɱɧɨɦɭ ɞɟɥɭ, ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɢɢ (ɨɫɧɨɜɚɦ), ɪɭɱɧɨɦɭ ɜɹɡɚɧɢɸ, ɪɟɦɨɧɬɭ ɦɟɛɟɥɢ ɢ ɞɪ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɵ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɥɟɱɟɛɧɨ-ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɬɟɪɫɤɢɟ (ɅɉɆ). ɇɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɅɉɆ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɩɨ 4 ɱɚɫɚ ɜ ɞɟɧɶ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɭɹ ɫɜɨɢ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɵɟ ɧɚɜɵɤɢ. ȼɫɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɰɟɩɨɱɤɚ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɚɛɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ. Ɉɧɚ ɪɚɡɛɢɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ. Ɉɞɧɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɥɟɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɨɞɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɲɜɟɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɫɬɪɨɱɤɭ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɲɜɚ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɜɟɫɶ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɩɨɲɢɜɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɧɟɣ, ɩɨɞɨɞɟɹɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ, ɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɪɭɛɚɲɟɤ.

141

ɆɈȾȿɅɖ ɄɈɆɉɅȿɄɋɇɈɃ ɊȿȺȻɂɅɂɌȺɐɂɂ ɂɇȼȺɅɂȾɈȼ ȼ ɊɈɋɋɂɃɋɄɈɃ ɎȿȾȿɊȺɐɂɂ

Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɅɉɆ — ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ, ɜɟɫɶ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ ɦɚɫɬɟɪɚ-ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɚ. Ɋɚɛɨɬɚɹ ɜ ɅɉɆ, ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɡɚɤɚɡɵ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɩɫɢɯɨɧɟɜɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɚɬɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɨ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɭ ɛɟɥɶɹ (ɪɟɦɨɧɬ ɯɚɥɚɬɨɜ, ɩɪɢɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɭɝɨɜɢɰ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.). Ʉɪɨɦɟ, ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɚɡɨɜ ɨɬ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ (ɩɨɲɢɜ ɩɨɫɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɟɥɶɹ, ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɨɞɟɠɞɵ). Ɂɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ. ɇɚ ɨɞɧɭ ɫɬɚɜɤɭ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɨ ɞɨ 10 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ. Ɂɚɪɩɥɚɬɚ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɟɫɥɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɣ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɥɟɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɭ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɸ — ɨɬɫɬɪɢɝɚɬɶ ɤɨɧɱɢɤɢ ɧɢɬɨɤ, ɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ.

ɋɬɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɚɬɚ. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɪɚɛɨɬ — ɪɟɦɨɧɬ ɦɟɛɟɥɢ, ɩɟɪɟɬɹɠɤɚ ɦɹɝɤɨɣ ɦɟɛɟɥɢ, ɪɟɦɨɧɬ ɩɥɢɧɬɭɫɨɜ, ɧɚɥɢɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɜɪɟɡɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɦɤɨɜ, ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧɞɨɜ. Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɜ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɧɨɦ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɯ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɟɬɹɠɤɟ ɫɬɭɥɚ ɪɚɡɛɢɬɵ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ: ɪɚɡɛɨɪɤɚ, ɫɧɹɬɢɟ ɫɬɚɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ, ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɪɨɥɨɧɚ ɧɢɬɶɸ, ɩɟɪɟɬɹɠɤɚ ɢ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɫɛɨɪɤɚ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ.

Ɇɚɥɹɪɧɨ-ɲɬɭɤɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɚɬɚ. ɉɨ ɡɚɹɜɤɚɦ ɦɟɞɫɟɫɬɟɪ-ɯɨɡɹɟɤ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɸ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɨɞɨɷɦɭɥɶɫɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɚ ɩɨɬɨɥɤɚ, ɦɚɫɥɹɧɚɹ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɚ ɨɤɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɦɨɜ, ɨɤɪɚɫɤɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɞɜɟɪɟɣ, ɨɲɬɭɤɚɬɭɪɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɟɧ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɥɤɨɜ, ɦɚɫɥɹɧɚɹ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɚ ɩɥɢɧɬɭɫɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ, ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɩɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɠɟɫɬɤɨ ɧɟ ɨɝɨɜɚɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ. Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɡɚɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɟɧ, ɜɵɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɲɩɚɬɥɟɜɤɢ, ɡɚɲɤɭɪɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɠɞɚɱɧɨɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɨɣ, ɨɤɪɚɫɤɚ. Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɫɬɟɪɨɦ. ɂɧɜɚɥɢɞɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɨɫɜɨɢɬɶ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ (ɲɩɚɬɟɥɶ, ɦɚɫɬɟɪɨɤ, ɝɥɚɞɢɥɤɚ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.).

ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɟɳɟ ɪɚɡ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɵ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɅɉɆ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɢ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɚɬɚ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɠɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɰɜɟɬɨɜɨɞɚ. Ɉɧɚ ɧɨɫɢɬ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. ɋ ɦɚɹ ɦɟɫɹɰɚ ɩɨ ɨɤɬɹɛɪɶ ɜɫɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɜ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦ ɝɪɭɧɬɟ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ. ɂɧɜɚɥɢɞɚɦɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɟ

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ɆɈȾȿɅɖ ɄɈɆɉɅȿɄɋɇɈɃ ɊȿȺȻɂɅɂɌȺɐɂɂ ɂɇȼȺɅɂȾɈȼ ȼ ɊɈɋɋɂɃɋɄɈɃ ɎȿȾȿɊȺɐɂɂ

ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɩɟɪɟɤɨɩɤɚ ɝɚɡɨɧɨɜ, ɩɨɞɤɨɪɦɤɚ ɭɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɜɵɟɦɤɚ ɤɥɭɛɧɟɣ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɢɡ ɩɨɞɜɚɥɚ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ: ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɭɦɛɵ, ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɫɚɞɵ, ɩɨɞɪɟɡɤɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ, ɫɬɪɢɠɤɚ ɝɚɡɨɧɨɜ. Ɋɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɭɦɟɬɶ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɚɞɨɜɨɣ ɥɨɩɚɬɨɣ, ɝɪɚɛɥɹɦɢ, ɩɨɫɚɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɥɨɩɚɬɨɣ, ɥɟɣɤɨɣ, ɜɟɞɪɨɦ, ɬɹɩɤɨɣ, ɨɫɜɨɢɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɫ ɝɚɡɨɧɨɤɨɫɢɥɤɨɣ. ȼ ɡɢɦɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɵ ɭɯɚɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɡɚ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɜ ɡɢɦɧɟɦ ɫɚɞɭ. ȼɫɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɩɪɢɫɦɨɬɪɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɚ.

Ⱦɜɨɪɧɢɤɢ-ɝɪɭɡɱɢɤɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɟ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɨɬ ɫɧɟɝɚ ɢ ɥɶɞɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɱɢɳɚɸɬ ɢ ɜɵɜɨɡɹɬ ɦɭɫɨɪ ɢɡ ɦɭɫɨɪɨɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɨɜ. Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɣ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɝɢɝɢɟɧɵ. Ɇɭɫɨɪ ɫɝɪɭɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɹɳɢɤɢ ɜɟɫɨɦ ɞɨ 15 ɤɝ, ɱɢɫɥɨ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɹɳɢɤɨɜ ɞɨ 10 ɲɬɭɤ. əɳɢɤɢ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɜɞɜɨɺɦ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɭ ɬɟɥɟɠɤɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɹɬ ɧɚ ɦɭɫɨɪɨɫɛɨɪɧɭɸ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɭ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɪɚɡɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɥɢɛɨ ɫ ɦɹɝɤɢɦ ɢɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɟɦ, ɥɢɛɨ ɫ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɹɪɫɤɢɦɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɚɦɢ. ȼ ɬɨɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫ ɧɚɩɚɪɧɢɤɨɦ. ȼɟɫ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɝɪɭɡɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɞɨ 10-15 ɤɝ, ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ — ɬɟɥɟɠɤɚ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɝɪɭɡ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɞɜɚɥ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɞɨ 100 ɦɟɬɪɨɜ.

ȿɳɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɜɢɞ ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɚɬɚ, ɷɬɨ ɩɪɚɱɟɱɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. ɂɧɜɚɥɢɞɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɪɚɫɫɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɛɟɥɶɟ ɩɨ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨ ɰɜɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɡɚɝɪɭɡɢɬɶ ɛɟɥɶɟ ɜ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ. Ɇɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɧɵɟ ɫɬɢɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɥɭɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ. Ɋɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫɬɢɪɤɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɜɵɟɦɤɭ ɛɟɥɶɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɫɭɲɢɥɤɚɯ. ɉɨɞɴɟɦ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɛɟɥɶɟɦ — ɞɨ 4 ɪɚɡ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɬɨɤ, ɜɟɫ 5-7 ɤɝ. Ⱦɟɜɭɲɤɢ ɫ ɬɪɭɞɨɦ ɨɫɜɚɢɜɚɸɬ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɭ. Ʌɟɝɱɟ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɫɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɸɧɨɲɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɞɟɜɭɲɤɢ ɟɳɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɝɥɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɛɟɥɶɹ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɯ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɦ.

ɗɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɩɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ, ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ, ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɥɟɝɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ. ɂɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɰɟɧɟɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɬ.ɤ. ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ, ɬ.ɤ. ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɪɵɜɵ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɪɵɜɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ.

Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɉɇɂ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɜ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɉɇɂ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ, ɬɨ, ɧɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦ ɪɵɧɤɟ ɬɪɭɞɚ

143

ɆɈȾȿɅɖ ɄɈɆɉɅȿɄɋɇɈɃ ɊȿȺȻɂɅɂɌȺɐɂɂ ɂɇȼȺɅɂȾɈȼ ȼ ɊɈɋɋɂɃɋɄɈɃ ɎȿȾȿɊȺɐɂɂ

ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɚ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɵ ɡɚɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ. ɉɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɉɇɂ, ȾȾɂ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɵ ɭɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɩɨ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɤɚɤ: ɨɛɭɜɳɢɤ, ɞɜɨɪɧɢɤ, ɩɨɞɫɨɛɧɵɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ, ɲɬɭɤɚɬɭɪ-ɦɚɥɹɪ, ɫɤɥɟɣɳɢɤ, ɭɛɨɪɳɢɤ, ɩɟɪɟɩɥɺɬɱɢɤ, ɩɥɨɬɧɢɤ, ɝɪɭɡɱɢɤ, ɫɚɞɨɜɵɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ.

ȼ ɥɟɱɟɛɧɨ-ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɬɟɪɫɤɢɯ (ɅɉɆ)

ɩɫɢɯɨɧɟɜɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɢɫɩɚɧɫɟɪɨɜ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɪɚɩɢɟɣ ɧɟɬɪɭɞɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɟ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɵ ɫ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɶɸ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɦɢ ɅɉɆ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɚɹ ɬɟɪɚɩɢɹ ɥɢɰ, ɫɬɪɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ; ɢɯ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ; ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɭɞɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɩɨ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹɦ ɢ ɢɧɵɦ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦ. ȼ ɅɉɆ ɨɧɢ ɨɫɜɚɢɜɚɸɬ ɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɤɚɤ ɭɩɚɤɨɜɤɚ, ɩɨɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɨ-ɪɚɡɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɲɜɟɣɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɞɪ. ȼ ɇɂɂ ɢɦ. ȼ.Ɇ.Ȼɟɯɬɟɪɟɜɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɚ ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɥɟɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ [7]. Ʉ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɫɨɛɧɵɟ ɩɨɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɨ-ɪɚɡɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɵɟ, ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɩɨɞɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɢɟ (ɬɢɫɤɢ, ɡɚɠɢɦɵ), ɫɛɨɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɩɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɲɥɢɮɨɜɤɢ, ɨɩɢɥɨɜɤɢ, ɦɚɪɤɢɪɨɜɤɢ. ȼ ɬɪɟɬɶɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ (ɪɭɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɧɨɠɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɫɫɵ, ɡɚɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɧɤɢ, ɲɜɟɣɧɵɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɢ ɞɪ.). Ʉ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɜɢɞɵ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɥɟɫɚɪɧɨ-ɫɬɚɧɨɱɧɵɟ, ɫɛɨɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɰɢɤɥɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ. ɗɬɢ ɜɢɞɵ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ ɤ ɬɪɭɞɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɭ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦ ɪɵɧɤɟ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɭɪɫɚ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ. ɉɹɬɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɬɪɭɞɚ (ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ, ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɨɮɨɪɦɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ), ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɪɚɩɢɢ ɅɉɆ ɩɫɢɯɨɧɟɜɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɢɫɩɚɧɫɟɪɨɜ.

ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɩɚɤɟɬɧɨ-ɤɚɪɬɨɧɚɠɧɨɦ ɰɟɯɟ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɚɤɟɬɵ ɛɭɦɚɠɧɵɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɟ, ɩɚɤɟɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɦɭɤɢ, ɩɚɤɟɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɲɚɱɶɟɝɨ ɤɨɪɦɚ, ɩɚɤɟɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɛɟɧɝɚɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɨɝɧɟɣ, ɤɨɪɨɛɨɱɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɩɚɤɨɜɤɢ, ɭɩɚɤɨɜɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɚɪɤɨɜ. ȼɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɤɚɪɬɨɧɚɠɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɪɚɡɧɭɸ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɤɟɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɲɚɱɶɟɝɨ ɤɨɪɦɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɤɥɟɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɪɭɱɟɤ ɩɚɤɟɬɨɜ. ȼɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɥɟɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɧɨɫ ɦɭɫɨɪɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ

144

ɆɈȾȿɅɖ ɄɈɆɉɅȿɄɋɇɈɃ ɊȿȺȻɂɅɂɌȺɐɂɂ ɂɇȼȺɅɂȾɈȼ ȼ ɊɈɋɋɂɃɋɄɈɃ ɎȿȾȿɊȺɐɂɂ

ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɤɥɟɣ ɢ ɤɥɟɣ ɢɡ ɤɪɚɯɦɚɥɚ. ȼ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ: ɮɚɥɶɰɨɜɤɚ, ɫɝɢɛɚɧɢɟ ɤɪɚɟɜ, ɩɪɨɦɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɥɟɟɦ, ɭɤɥɚɞɤɚ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɩɨɞ ɩɪɟɫɫ. ȼɫɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɨ-ɝɢɝɢɟɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ. Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɚɤ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɚ

ɤɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɥɟɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɜɪɚɱɢ,

ɚɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɚɫɬɟɪ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ.

Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɬɪɭɞɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɅɉɆ ɩɫɢɯɨɧɟɜɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɢɫɩɚɧɫɟɪɨɜ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ [7].

ɉɪɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɬɟɪɫɤɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ.

ɋɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɪɭɞɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɭ ɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɲɤɨɥɟ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɲɤɨɥɵ VIII ɜɢɞɚ ɡɚɛɨɬɹɬɫɹ ɨ ɫɭɞɶɛɟ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɸɬ ɢɦ ɜ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɢɯ ɬɪɭɞɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɭ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦ ɪɵɧɤɟ ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɹ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɛɚɡɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɬɟɪɫɤɢɟ, ɭɱɟɛɧɨ-ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɟ ɞɜɭɯɥɟɬɧɟɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɬɚɠɢɪɨɜɤɭ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹɦ ɤɚɤ ɫɬɨɥɹɪɧɨɟ, ɲɜɟɣɧɨɟ, ɬɪɢɤɨɬɚɠɧɨɟ, ɦɚɥɹɪɧɨ-ɲɬɭɤɚɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɞɟɥɨ, ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɪɭɞ, ɨɛɢɜɤɚ ɦɟɛɟɥɢ, ɪɭɱɧɨɣ ɬɪɭɞ. ȼ ɲɤɨɥɚɯ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɪɟɛɟɧɨɤ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɩɨɫɟɳɚɟɬ ɲɤɨɥɭ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɠɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɤ ɬɪɭɞɭ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɧ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ ɜ ɲɤɨɥɭ. ɉɪɨɛɧɨɟ ɬɪɭɞɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ ɞɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɚɳɢɦɫɹ 21 ɝɨɞɚ.

Ɉɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ ɢ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɞɟɬɟɣ-

ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɪɭɞɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɭ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɛɚɡɚɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɬɟɪɫɤɢɟ. Ɉɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɸɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ ɞɧɟɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɶɸ ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɬɪɭɞɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɞɨɦɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɢɡ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɬ.ɤ. ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɨɦɚ ɢɯ ɞɟɬɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ.

ɇɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɟ ɥɸɞɢ ɫ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜɨɜɥɟɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹ, ɢɦ ɩɪɢɜɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɜɵɤɢ, ɨɧɢ ɩɨɛɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɬɪɭɞɭ, ɨɫɜɚɢɜɚɸɬ ɨɛɳɟɬɪɭɞɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɜɵɤɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟ

145

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ɞɜɭɯ ɥɟɬ ɩɨɫɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɟɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɧɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɷɬɚɩ - ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɬɟɪɫɤɢɯ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ:

-ɩɪɨɮɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ, ɩɪɨɮɩɪɨɛɵ;

-ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɬɪɭɞɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ;

-ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɪɭɞɨɜɚɹ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɹ;

-ɬɪɭɞɨɬɟɪɚɩɢɹ, ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣɧɚɹ ɬɟɪɚɩɢɹ;

-ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɣ ɬɪɭɞ;

-ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɬɪɭɞ.

ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɬɪɭɞɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ ɫ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ [24].

ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɝɟɧɬɚ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ. ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɹ — ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɦɟɪ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɚ, ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɤ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɨ-ɛɵɬɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɫɪɟɞɨɜɨɣ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɛɵɬɨɜɨɣ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɩɚɬɪɨɧɚɠɚ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼɚɠɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɢɬɨɝɨɜɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ (ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ) ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɚ ɤ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ. ɗɬɚ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɢɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɢ, ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɢ ɷɬɚɩɚ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ.

ɐɟɥɶɸ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɭɸ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɨɬɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɶ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ. ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɢ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɚɛɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ.

ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɚɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɦɟɠɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɢɣ. ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɰɟɥɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨ ɩɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ, ɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɢ

146

ɆɈȾȿɅɖ ɄɈɆɉɅȿɄɋɇɈɃ ɊȿȺȻɂɅɂɌȺɐɂɂ ɂɇȼȺɅɂȾɈȼ ȼ ɊɈɋɋɂɃɋɄɈɃ ɎȿȾȿɊȺɐɂɂ

ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɩɵɬ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ 6 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɩɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜ ɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɭɸ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɨɬɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɶ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɭɸ ɜ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɐɟɧɬɪɟ ɩɫɢɯɨɧɟɜɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɚɬɚ ʋ 10 ɋɚɧɤɬɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɚ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɫ ɋɉɛɇɐɗɉɊ ɢɦ. Ⱥɥɶɛɪɟɯɬɚ [23].

ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɝɟɧɬ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɣ ɜ ɩɫɢɯɨɧɟɜɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɚɬɵ ɢɡ ɞɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɞɨɦɨɜ-ɢɧɬɟɪɧɚɬɨɜ, ɨɱɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɧɨɪɨɞɟɧ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ

ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ ɫ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɲɤɨɥɚɯ ɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ.

ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ:

ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɛɵɬɨɜɭɸ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɸ — ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɢ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ, ɡɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɜɧɟɲɧɨɫɬɢ (ɫɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɨ-ɝɢɝɢɟɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɜɵɤɢ, ɩɪɢɱɟɫɤɚ, ɨɞɟɠɞɚ, ɦɚɤɢɹɠ), ɫ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟɦ, ɫ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦɢ ɜ ɞɨɦɟ (ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɚ, ɭɸɬ, ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɢɹ, ɫɬɢɪɤɚ, ɛɵɬɨɜɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ, ɭɛɨɪɤɚ, ɪɟɦɨɧɬ, ɞɨɫɭɝ);

ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɫɪɟɞɨɜɭɸ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɸ — ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɢ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɛɥɢɠɧɟɦ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɢɢ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɟ, ɧɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɟ, ɜ ɦɚɝɚɡɢɧɚɯ, ɧɚɜɵɤɢ ɛɟɪɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɨ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ, ɨ ɩɪɚɜɚɯ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ɋɤɜɨɡɧɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ: ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɪɟɱɟɜɚɹ ɢ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ, ɷɫɬɟɬɢɤɚ.

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɦ ɩɪɢ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɫɬɚɥɵɦɢ ɥɢɰɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨ-ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ - ɦɟɬɨɞ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ, ɪɨɥɟɜɵɟ, ɫɸɠɟɬɧɨ-ɪɨɥɟɜɵɟ ɢ ɞɟɥɨɜɵɟ ɢɝɪɵ, ɦɟɬɨɞ ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ, ɬɟɚɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɵɝɪɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɷɤɫɤɭɪɫɢɢ, ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ, ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɚɦɢ.

Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɭɡɧɚɜɚɧɢɹ (ɩɨɤɚɡ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɤɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɸ, ɜɵɛɨɪ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɤɢ ɢɡ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ). Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɫ ɩɨɞɫɤɚɡɤɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ (ɫ

147

ɆɈȾȿɅɖ ɄɈɆɉɅȿɄɋɇɈɃ ɊȿȺȻɂɅɂɌȺɐɂɂ ɂɇȼȺɅɂȾɈȼ ȼ ɊɈɋɋɂɃɋɄɈɃ ɎȿȾȿɊȺɐɂɂ

ɩɨɞɫɤɚɡɤɨɣ). ȼɚɠɧɨ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɬɟɦɵ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ ɫ ɥɟɝɤɢɦɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɪɭɞɨɜɭɸ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɤɭɪɫ "ɑɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ", ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɭɠɟ ɩɪɨɲɟɥ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɭ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ. ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɤɭɪɫɚ "ɑɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ" ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɚ ɜ ɋɉɛɇɐɗɉɊ ɢɦ. Ⱥɥɶɛɪɟɯɬɚ [25].

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɫɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɭɱɚɳɢɯɫɹ, ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɢɯ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ.

ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɪɟɲɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ:

ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɚɦɨɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɸ, ɫɚɦɨɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ; ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ "ə", ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ

ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɨɥɢ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɣ ɫɚɦɨɨɰɟɧɤɢ;

ɨɛɨɝɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɮɨɪɦ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɨɪɦ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ;

ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ, ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ;

ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɠɢɡɧɢ; ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɤ ɫɟɦɟɣɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ;

ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɤ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ; ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɨɰɢɨɬɟɪɚɩɢɹ — ɷɬɨ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɢɞ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ,

ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɬɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɰɺɥɶ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ. ɂɧɜɚɥɢɞɵ ɫ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɧɟɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɧɨɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɧɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɤ ɫɚɦɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɧɨɣ, ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɨɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦɢ ɧɚɜɵɤɚɦɢ. ɋɨɰɢɨɬɟɪɚɩɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɜɟɬɚɯ, ɞɟɠɭɪɫɬɜɚ, ɲɟɮɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɞ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɚɦɢ ɢ ɞɪ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ

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