Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на конструкцию as … as … .

1. The re-use of formwork should be as rapid as possible.

2. These measures can be not as successful as we considered.

3. Cast-in-place concrete is as strong as precast concrete.

4. After the initial set temperature and humidity conditions of the concrete are controlled as carefully as reasonable.

5. Resistance to rain and moisture is as an important property of building materials as their strength.

6. Scientific knowledge is as significant in construction as experience.

Упражнение 2. Найдите в тексте прилагательные, образованные с помощью суффиксов –al, -able. Перечислите другие прилагательные с этими суффиксами, а также с суффиксом –ive, которые использованы в этом учебнике.

Упражнение 3. Переведите следующие предложения, определите функцию глагола “have”.

1. Curing is often considered to be over after the concrete has gained a reasonable strength.

2. Concrete has low tensile strength.

3. Concrete has to be reinforced with steel.

4. Concrete has many characteristics that make it a constructional material.

5. These may replace up to about 70% of the Portland cement which would have been required.

6. The builders had to use cast-in-place concrete because of the conditions of the site.

Упражнение 4. Выделите главное и придаточное предложение в сложноподчинённых предложениях. Переведите их.

1. Concrete cannot be placed during very cold weather because freezing water will destroy a concrete.

2. The curing period, which is required to gain strength, will be long.

3. Builders must know that the formwork is usually removed after a reasonable period of time.

4. Because of the cost of the formwork cements, which gain strength quickly, are preferred by contractors.

5. If it is not in the form of prestressed concrete, concrete has a low strength.

6. The tensile stresses concrete is subjected to require that it must be reinforced with steel.

Упражнение 5. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на условные придаточные предложения.

1. If cracks appear under small overload, they usually will close when the load is removed.

2. If the pressure is enough, none of the beams will fall out.

3. If this concept were applied to a concrete beam in practice, steel tendons would be tensioned and placed along the centroidal axis of the beam.

4. If the tendons were given a small tension, they could lose nearly all the prestress in a few months.

5. If a beam supports a load above, the beam itself must have sufficient strength to counterbalance that weight.

6. If they change some details, they will be able to improve the design.

7. You would get good results if you applied this method of calculation.

Упражнение 6. Вспомните или найдите в словаре глаголы, от которых образованы следующие существительные. Переведите их.

application calculation composition consideration corrosion division

fabrication limitation occupation opposition relation repetition

selection separation transmission measurement movement requirement

Текст B

PRECAST CONCRETE

A concrete structure may be constructed by casting the concrete in place on the site, by building it of elements cast in some other place or by a combination of the two. Concrete cast in other than its final place is called precast.

In contrast to cast-in-place concrete construction in which columns, beams, girders and slabs are cast and connected together by successive pours, precast concrete requires connections to tie the structure together. These connections can be a major construction problem.

Form costs are much less with precast concrete be­cause the forms do not have to be supported. They may be set on the ground in a convenient position. In addition, a thin wall is difficult to concrete if it must be cast vertically be­cause the concrete has to be placed in the narrow opening at the top of the form. Such a wall is easily precast on the ground.

Precast units can be standardized. Repeated use of forms and mass production techniques make the cost of construction lower. Furthermore, high quality can be maintained because of the control that can be kept on production under factory conditions. However, there is always the possibility that transportation, handling, and building up costs for the precast units will be high.

Notes:

contrast (in ~ to) в противоположность (чему-либо)

handling n. обработка, обращение (с чем-либо)

possibility n. возможность, вероятность