Zadanie__133_Kreer-Gorelikova
.pdfМинистерство образования и науки Российской Федерации
Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования
«Санкт-Петербургский государственный архитектурно-строительный университет»
Общестроительный факультет
Кафедра иностранных языков
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
ЗАДАНИЕ № 133
для студентов I курса направлений подготовки 270100 – архитектура, 270900 – градостроительство, 270300 – дизайн архитектурной среды, 270200 – реконструкция и реставрация архитектурного наследия
Санкт-Петербург
2013
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УДК 811.111:378.147(076.6)
Рецензент к.филол.н. Воеводская Т.Б.
Английский язык: Задание № 133 для студентов I курса направлений подготовки 270100 – архитектура, 270900 – градостроительство, 270300 – дизайн архитектурной среды, 270200 – реконструкция и реставрация архитектурного наследия / сост.: М.Я.Креер, А.М.Гореликова ; СПбГАСУ. - СПб., 2013. – 62 с.
Задание состоит из нескольких частей. Каждый урок включает тексты, лексические и грамматические упражнения, лексику по данным специальностям.
Тексты для чтения и перевода заимствованы из оригинальной научно-технической литературы по архитектуре и строительству. Тексты для аудиторного чтения «А» предназначены для развития навыков перевода по специальности. Некоторые слова даются перед текстами «А», чтобы облегчить ориентирование в материале. Тексты «В» и «С» способствуют развитию навыков быстрого чтения. Грамматические реалии, встречающиеся в задании, изучаются в упражнениях. В конце задания имеются приложение и словарь терминов.
Санкт-Петербургский государственный архитектурно-строительный университет, 2013
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UNIT 1
Exercise 1. Translate the auxiliary words:
since, so, as to, whereas, until, between, for, hence, thus, neither.
Exercise 2. Words to be remembered: structure – конструкция, строение delight – восторг
physical structure – реальная конструкция
perceptual structure – конструкция в нашем восприятии column – колонна
compare – сравнивать
masonry walls – каменные стены suspend – подвесной, подвешивать cover – покрывать
arise – возникать
hide – прятать, скрывать gravity – притяжение affect – влиять
force – сила
dominate – доминировать cathedral – собор
lift – подъем
support – опора, поддержка
Exercise 3. Read and translate text A:
Text A. FIRMNESS: HOW DOES THE BUILDING STAND UP?
The most apparent part of a building is its structure, or what makes it stand up. This may be more noticeable nowadays than it once was, since architects and engineers take delight in making structures do more and more work with less and less material, seemingly defying gravity. The tension we may feel when looking at a structure so delicate as to seem in danger of collapse illustrates the difference between the physical structure, the literal bones of the building that do the work, and the perceptual structure, or what we see. They are not the same, for a column may be much larger than structurally necessary simply to reassure us that it is
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indeed big enough for the job. Such is the case with the thick columns of the Temple of Poseidon at Paestum, Italy in a comparison between Lever House, New York, by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, 1951-55, and the neighboring New York Racquet and Tennis Club, by the office of McKim, Mead & White, 1916-19, we see the difference between a wall of glass that hides the structure and a massive masonry wall. The wall of the Racquet and Tennis Club looks stronger than it needs to be, and gives us the assurance of structural excess, whereas the actual physical columns of Lever House are covered by a suspended skin of green glass, and there is no readily perceptible clue as to what holds the building up. We know from experience that sheets of glass by themselves cannot hold up a building of that size, so we must hunt for the actual structure (the architects force us into a land of game) until we finally see the columns emerge at the base of the building. This play between what we know to be a heavy building and its suggested weightlessness is part of the appeal of these glass-skinned skyscrapers.
We grow up with a good sense of gravity and how it affects objects around us, for from the first moment we try to move our limbs we experience the pull of gravity. We develop early a way of understanding objects around us through empathy, of imagining ourselves inside the object and feeling how gravity works on it.
The architect played with our different perceptions of solid stone and transparent glass, knowing that we would sense one building as solid and "heavy" and the other as "light." Some architects, in fact, have taken pains to accentuate the sense of weight.
Part of our perception of architecture has to do with this empathetic analysis of how forces are handled in buildings. Hence, when we see the Parthenon in Athens, the careful balance of vertical and horizontal elements, in which neither dominate, suggests a delicate equilibrium of forces and thus exemplifies the Greek philosophical ideal. In contrast, Gothic architecture, as represented by the east end of the cathedral of Beauvais, France, is characterized by soaring, thin vertical supports, and a multiplicity of vertical lines.
Exercise 4. Translate the words:
structure, masonry wall, columns, emerge, cover, suspend, glass, temple, defy, consider, weightlessness, experience, delight, excess, appeal, exemplify.
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Exercise 5. Choose the right translation from A to B:
A: column, emerge, cover, defy, consider, weightlessness, experience, excess, material, perceptual structure, skin, clue, sheet, base, skyscraper, suggest.
B: опыт, лист, подсказка, считать, невесомость, предлагать, пренебречь, избыток, небоскреб, воспринимаемая конструкция, основа, оболочка, возникать, покрывать, колонна, материал.
Exercise 6. Are these meanings correct or incorrect? Correct the mistakes:
experience – квалификация struсture – структура
cover – покрывать temple – храм delight – красота
masonry wall – каменная стена emerge – объединять
excess – доступ denial – соответствие
skyscraper – небоскреб
project (v.,n.) – проект, выступать
Exercise 7. Translate the following word combinations:
take delight, in comparison with, sheets of glass, glass-skinned skyscrapers, pull of gravity, solid stone, transparent glass, delicate equilibrium, take pains, suspended skin of green glass.
Exercise 8. Read and translate text B with a dictionary. Write a summary of the text.
Text B.
It was mentioned, that Architecture is the science of building. A man who designs buildings and makes the plans for them is called an architect. First of all, an architect has to think what he wants to build. He must not forget what it is to be used for. He must not forget the sort of material to be used in the building. It may be stone, brick, wood or steel and concrete.
We know that Architecture is the art, which makes buildings beautiful to look at. There were many different styles or kinds of
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architecture in the past. Now they tell us about advanced civilization of ancient countries. One of the oldest monuments, constructed about 6.000 years ago, are the colossal pyramids of Egyptian. The pyramids are large triangular buildings which were placed over the tombs of Egyptian kings. The best known of the pyramids are a group of three built at Giza south of Cairo. The largest of these is 482 feet high. There are many buildings of different styles today in different parts of the world, which are much spoken about in our days.
Exercise 9. Translate from English into Russian. Define the syntax functions of the underlined words.
1.The most apparent part of a building is its structure, or what makes it stand up.
2.This may be more noticeable nowadays than it once was.
3.Physical structure and perceptual structure are not the same, for a column may be much larger than structurally necessary simply to reassure us that it is indeed big enough for the job.
4.There is no readily perceptible clue as to what holds the building up.
5.Part of our perception of architecture has to do with this empathetic analysis of how forces are handled in buildings.
6.We develop early a way of understanding objects around us through empathy, of imagining ourselves inside the object and feeling how gravity works on it.
Exercise 10. Translate the words:
конструкция, колонна, каменные стены, подвешивать, влиять, сила, собор, опора, поддержка, покрывать.
Exercise 11. Note in the texts of this unit:
a.Comparative and superlative forms
b.Noun groups
c.Modal verbs
d.Participle I, II
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UNIT 2
Exercise 1. Translate the auxiliary words:
whether, either…or, such, so to, as….as, for, one, from, along, while, as, since.
Exercise 2. Words to be remembered: pull – тянуть
beam – балка
lintel – перемычка окна или двери, притолока post – опора
post-and-lintel structure – стоечно-балочная конструкция durable – прочный
trabeated – с балочным покрытием polish – полировать
pier – пилястра, колонна cantilever – консоль
sag – провисать apply – применять
support – поддерживать squeeze – сдавливать compress – сжимать stretch – растягивать rest on – опираться на
result in – приводить к чему-либо. load – нагрузка
Exercise 3. Read and translate text A.
Text A. THE POST AND LINTEL (part I)
The beginning of structure is the wall, whether the wall is made of stone, brick, glass blocks, or any of a variety of materials. But a room enclosed with walls has no light or view, so the wall must be opened up. The blocks or bricks over that opening must be supported against the pull of gravity, and this is done either by means of a beam (of wood, or of metal after 1750) or an arch. Such a beam inserted in a wall to support the wall above is called a lintel. The wall could also be cut away, so to speak,
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and replaced with slender stacks of blocks to form columns, with lintels spanning the spaces between them. The post and lintel system is as old as human construction in permanent materials. Archaeological and anthropological evidence suggests that post and lintel systems of wood or bound papyrus were used long before they were translated into more durable stone, and in fact humans have been using posts and beams for several hundred thousand years. Such a system is called “a trabeated system”, from the Latin “trabes” or beam. One of the most straightforward examples of post and lintel construction is the Valley Temple east of the pyramid of Khafre, Giza, Egypt, built between 2570 B.C. and 2500 B.C. Here, finely polished square lintels of red granite rest on square piers of the same material, contrast in that with the alabaster floor. Extending the beam over the end of the column, results in a cantilever.
All beams, whether of stone, wood, or any other material, are acted upon by gravity. Since all materials are flexible to varying degrees - beams tend to sag of their own weight even more as loads are applied. This means that the upper part of a beam between two supports is squeezed together and is compressed along the top surface, while the lower part is stretched and is said to be in tension. In a cantilever, the situation is exactly reversed, for as the extended beam sags due to the pull of gravity, the upper part is stretched (put in tension) and the lower portion experiences compressive stresses.
Exercise 4. Translate the words:
block, beam, support, post, lintel, stacks of blocks, column, part(v., n.), span (v., n.), suggest, wood, bound papyrus, trabeated system, pier, cantilever, apply, sag, squeeze, compress, stretch, load.
Exercise 5. Choose the right translation from A to B:
A: crack, deform, rest on, support, cantilever, pier, stone, steel, gravity, polish, mud.
B: поддерживать, камень, полировать, грязь, опора, консоль, растрескиваться, деформироваться, сталь, опираться на, притяжение.
Exercise 6. Are these meanings correct or incorrect? Correct the mistakes:
lintel – стойка
suggest – поддерживать
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column – колонна wood – железо steel – стекло compress – сжимать
stretch – растягивать squeeze – сжимать
Exercise 7. Translate the following word combinations:
stacks of blocks, trabeated system, compressive strength, tensile strength, tensile stress, solid concrete, crystalline material, post and lintel system, result in.
Exercise 8. Read and translate text B with a dictionary. Write a summary of the text.
Text B.
Engineering is a complex discipline, including a lot of fields. One of them is an architectural engineering. It is a discipline that deals with the technological aspects of buildings. They are the properties and behavior of building materials and their components, foundation design, structural analysis and design, construction management, and building operation. Besides, architectural engineering deals with environmental system analysis and design. Every engineer knows an environmental system, which may account for 45-70% of a building's cost, includes heating, ventilating and air conditioning, illumination, building power system, plumbing and piping, storm drainage, building communications, acoustic, vertical and horizontal transportation, fire protection, alternate energy sources, heat recovery, and energy conservation. In addition, it is necessary to help protect everybody from unnecessary risk. That's why architectural engineers must know and be familiar with the various building codes, plumbing, electrical and mechanical codes, and the Life Safety Code. The latter code is designed to require planning and construction techniques in buildings which will minimize possible hazards to the occupants.
Exercise 9. Translate from English into Russian. Define the syntax functions of the underlined words.
1.A room enclosed with walls has no light or view, so the wall must be opened up.
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2.The blocks or bricks over that opening must be supported against the pull of gravity.
3.The wall could also be cut away, so to speak, and replaced with slender stacks of blocks to form columns.
4.The post and lintel system is as old as human construction in permanent materials.
5.In fact humans have been using posts and beams for several hundred thousand years.
6.The lower part is stretched and is said to be in tension.
7.The latter code is designed to require planning and construction techniques.
Exercise 10. Translate the words:
тянуть, балка, стоечно-балочная конструкция, прочный, пилястра, консоль, применять, поддерживать, сжимать, нагрузка.
Exercise 11. Note in the texts of this unit:
a.That-forms
b.Noun groups
c.Modal verbs
d.ed-forms
e.ing-forms
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