Zadanie__133_Kreer-Gorelikova

B: купол, цемент, пересекать, решение, расположение, образовывать, точка, опора, свод, каркас.

Exercise 6. Are these meanings correct or incorrect? Correct the mistakes:

aggregate – агрегат devise – устройство lime – глина

vary – изменяться foundation – фундамент build up – размещать cause – приводить к ч-л. connect – распределять bind – строить

Exercise 7. Translate the following word combinations:

tunnel vault, semicircular arch, result in, groin vault, foot of the vaults, massive shell, wall of the drum, viscous material, aggregate of broken rock, binding material.

Exercise 8. Read and translate text B with a dictionary. Write a summary of the text.

Text B.

One of the ancient human activities is building construction. It began with a purely functional need for a controlled environment to moderate the effect of climate. Human shelters were constructed to adapt human beings to a wide variety of climates and become a global species. But temporary structures were used only a few days or months. Over time were they evolved into such a highly refined form as the igloo. After agriculture had emerged, people began to stay in one place for long periods. That's why more durable structures began to appear. The first human shelters were very simple. The first shelters were dwellings. But later they were used for other functions, such as food storage and ceremony. Some structures began to have symbolic as well as functional value, marking the beginning of the distinction between architecture and building.

Building construction has its own history, which is marked by a number of trends. Let's describe some of them. One of these trends is increasing durability of the material as the first building materials were

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perishable. We mention leaves, branches and animal hides. Later people began to use more durable natural material such as clay, stone, timber. Finally, synthetic materials such as brick, concrete, metals, plastics were used in building; another trend is quest for buildings of greater height and span. It was possible by the development of stronger building materials and by knowledge of how materials behave and how to exploit them to greater advantage. The third trend involves the degree of control exercised over the interior environment of buildings increasingly precise regulation of air temperature, light and sound levels, humidity, air speed. All factors that affect human comfort become possible. A modern trend is change in energy of the construction progress starting with human muscle power and developing toward the powerful machinery.

Exercise 9. Translate from English into Russian. Define the syntax functions of the underlined words.

1.An arcuated structure, the one built up of arches, acts structurally on a flat plane.

2.Lateral forces can be resisted by substantial buttresses along the walls or by thickening the wall.

3.An example of a barrel vault raised to great height is the nave of SaintSernin, Toulouse, France.

4.A solution devised earlier by the Romans was to run additional barrel vaults at right angles to the main vault so that they intersected, resulting in a groin vault.

5.The wall of the drum below, also 21 feet (6.4 meters) thick, supporting the five thousand tons of the dome, is hollowed out by niches 14 feet (4.3 meters) deep.

6.The greatest weight had to be carried, to pumice in the part of the dome nearest the oculus.

7.A solution devised earlier by the Romans was to run additional barrel vaults resulting in a groin vault.

Exercise 10. Translate the words:

жесткий, опора, расположение, купол, свод-оболочка, заполнитель, известняк, цемент, связующий, свод.

Exercise 11. Note in the texts of this unit:

UNIT 6

Exercise 1.Translate the auxiliary words:

for, too, since, wherever, whenever, whatever, as, both…and, once, by,

A.D., B.C., below, over, just, while, across, from one end to the other.

Exercise 2. Words to be remembered: sidewalk (pavement – Br.) – тротуар mortar – строительный раствор

sand – песок gravel – гравий mix – смешивать

contain – содержать occur – происходить

form (v., n..) – формировать, форма mold – образец

cure – отвердевать dry – высушивать

curve (v., n.) – искривлять, кривизна evocative – вызывающий воспоминания formwork (shuttering) – опалубка adjacent – смежный, прилегающий enclose – охватывать

triangle – треугольник pendentive – парус свода transition – переход

cut (v., n.) – резать, срез extend – расширять

Exercise 3. Read and translate text A.

Text A. VAULTS (Part II)

For both the Romans and us, the cement itself is too costly to make entire buildings, sidewalks, or other constructions from it alone. Even the mortar used between bricks and stone is stretched by adding sand; and in making concrete, gravel and sand are mixed in as the aggregate.

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Since the mid-nineteenth century, iron or steel rods have been placed in the formwork for modern concrete wherever tensile forces will occur. Formwork is one of the cost disadvantages of concrete. As first mixed, concrete is a thick viscous material and must be contained in forms, or molds, until it has cured and dried; the formwork (called shuttering in England) is like the centering used for arch construction. In large structures, both in Roman times and now, this means the construction of substantial and expensive wooden structures, significant in themselves, which are then destroyed once the concrete has cured sufficiently for the forms to be removed.

Domes, particularly of the size of the Pantheon in Rome, are powerfully evocative spaces, but they require circular plans, making it difficult to add adjacent spaces. This problem became acute by the fourth century A.D., but the solution devised by Byzantine architects was to place the dome over a square plan below. What made this possible was the curved triangle-shaped spherical segment called a pendentive.

Imagine a square over which you wish to place a dome. First cover the square with a larger hemisphere, which just touches the corners of the square. Then slice downward along the sides of the square so that looking down on the cut hemisphere you see a square. Then, just at the top of the semicircles now forming the sides, slice off the top parallel to the square on the bottom. The resulting form has a circular shape at the top while at the bottom it is a square. The four curved segments that remain are the pendentives, making the transition from the square plan below to the circular plan above. An excellent example of the use of pendentives is found in the church of Hagia Sophia (Holy Wisdom), Istanbul, Turkey, 532-37. designed by Isidores of Miletos and Anthemios of Tralles. As with the Pantheon in Rome, the space enclosed is huge; here the dome is 107 feet (32.6 meters) across, but with the extended half-domes below and the barrel-vaulted spaces beyond, the total clear distance from one end of the church to the other is more than 250 feet (76.2 meters).

Exercise 4. Translate the words:

sidewalks, construction, structure, mortar, gravel, sand, aggregate, shuttering, enclose, cure, dry, curve, occur.

Exercise 5. Choose the right translation from A to B:

A: significant, sufficient, mix, contain, destroy, devise, place, remain, remove, touch, aggregate.

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B: касаться, достаточный, заполнитель, изобретать, удалять, разрушать, содержать, размещать, смешивать, оставаться, удалять.

Exercise 6. Are these meanings correct or incorrect? Correct the mistakes:

structure – структура construction – строение mortar – бетон concrete – кирпич vault – арка

brick – песок

tensile force – сила при растяжении formwork – форма

result in – воздействовать

result from – являться причиной

Exercise 7. Translate the following word combinations:

mid-nineteenth century, tensile forces, thick viscous material, arch construction, wooden structures, circular plans, adjacent spaces, square plan, curved triangle-shaped spherical segment, corners of the square, result from, result in, excellent example, the space enclosed, the extended half-domes, barrel-vaulted spaces, total clear distance.

Exercise 8. Read and translate text B with a dictionary. Write a summary of the text.

Text B.

The present state of building construction is complex. There is wide range of products and systems which are aimed primarily at groups of building types. We know about a great role of the design process for buildings. It draws upon research establishment that study material properties and performance, code officials Last ones adopt and enforce safety standards and design professionals who determine user's needs and design a building to meet thou needs. It proves that the design process for buildings is highly organized. The construction progress is also highly organized. It includes the manufacturers of building products and systems. On the building site craftsmen assemble themselves. A work of the craftsmen is employed and coordinated by contractors. There are also

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consultants who specialize in such aspects as construction management, quality control and insurance. We must mention about complexity and measure of mastery of natural forces, which can produce a widely varied built environment to serve the needs of society. In conclusion, modern building construction is a significant part of an industrial culture.

Exercise 9. Translate from English into Russian. Define the syntax functions of the underlined words.

1.The mortar used between bricks and stone is stretched by adding sand.

2.Since the mid-nineteenth century, iron or steel rods have been placed in the formwork for modern concrete.

3.Concrete must be contained in forms, or molds, until it has cured and dried.

4.Wooden structures are then destroyed once the concrete has cured sufficiently for the forms to be removed.

5.The solution devised by Byzantine architects was to place the dome over a square plan.

6.As with the Pantheon in Rome, the space enclosed is huge.

7.An excellent example of the use of pendentives is found in the church of Hagia Sophia.

8.The resulting form has a circular shape at the top while at the bottom it is a square.

Exercise 10. Translate the words:

тротуар, строительный раствор, песок, гравий, смешивать, содержать, образец, отвердевать, высушивать, опалубка.

Exercise 11. Note in the texts of this unit:

a.That-forms

b.Noun groups

c.Modal verbs

d.Participle II

e.ing-forms

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UNIT 7

Exercise 1.Translate the auxiliary words:

without, hence, that, despite(in spite of), one, such as, these, those, which, here, with, beneath, just, feet, meter.

Exercise 2. Words to be remembered: prove – доказывать, оказываться

truss – ферма timber – древесина arrange – размещать cell – ячейка

by virtue of – благодаря ч-л. built-in – встроенный distort – искажать

bend – сгибать

relatively – относительно roof – крыша

cathedral – собор rib – ребро

medieval – средневековый identify – определять member – часть, элемент hold – зд. проводить

Exercise 3. Read and translate text A.

Text A. TRUSSES

The Romans also used another structural type that has proved basic to large constructions in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries – the truss. The traditional truss was made up of timbers arranged in triangular shapes or cells.

The triangle, by virtue of its built-in geometry, cannot be changed in shape without distorting or bending one of its sides. Hence, by adding triangle to triangle, it is possible to construct extended figures that are quite strong despite being relatively light. Wooden trusses were used in a wide variety of forms for roof construction in Roman buildings and

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continued to be used during the Middle Ages. One superb example of medieval wooden truss construction is the hammer-beam truss roof of Westminster Hall, London, built in 1394-99 by Henry Yevele and Hugh Herland and spanning 68 feet (20.7 meters); it is the broadest wooden span of medieval times. The great Gothic cathedrals such as Amiens were covered by such a wooden roof over the rib vault.

During the nineteenth century, many new forms of trusses were devised, often identified by the name of the engineer who first used them. The truss, particularly when built up of steel members, proved capable of great spans, and hence was used to enclose vast spaces. An example is the Galerie des Machines, the largest of the buildings in the international exhibition held in Paris, in which a series of curved arch trusses spanned 377 feet (114.9 meters). Here, as with any arch, there were considerable lateral forces at the base, but massive buttresses were made unnecessary because the ends of the arched trusses were connected by steel rods just beneath the floor.

Exercise 4. Translate the words:

prove, identify, truss, timber, roof, rib, span (v., n.), member, cathedral, type, shape, cell, bend, distort, arrange, form (v., n.).

Exercise 5. Choose the right translation from A to B:

A: arrange, devise, despite (in spite of), triangle, use, construction, span, form, vault, exhibition.

B: несмотря на, изобретать, треугольник, строительство, форма, использовать, пролет, свод, размещать, выставка.

Exercise 6. Are these meanings correct or incorrect? Correct the mistakes:

distort – размещать bend – соединять devise – поддерживать member – главный cathedral – церковь cell – ячейка

roof – крыша from – форма

capable of smth (doing smth.)

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timber – бетон steel – железо beam – стержень

Exercise 7. Translate the following word combinations:

structural type, triangular shape, built-in geometry, roof construction, the Middle Ages, medieval wooden truss construction, hammer-beam truss roof, rib vault, steel members, curved arch trusses, massive buttresses, steel rods.

Exercise 8. Read and translate text B with a dictionary. Write a summary of the text.

Text B.

Many new materials are familiar to us over centuries. We are pretty well acquainted with the advantages and disadvantages of wood. We know that glass is transparent, but in some ways it is rather brittle. Glass has the advantages of cheapness, rigidity and chemical inertness. We are aware that most metals can stand severe handling, but some of them rust. But such materials as plastic materials are not found in nature. Some years ago plastics were little more than laboratory curiosities. Today plastics are conceived in the laboratory of the chemical plant. But plastic is formed by extrusion or injection molding under very high pressure. It can be molded into any desired shape. Organic plastics are divided into two general groups: thermosetting and thermoplastic. The thermosetting group becomes rigid through a chemical change that occurs when heat is applied. These plastic cannot be remolded. The thermoplastic group remains soft at high temperatures and must be cooled before becoming rigid. This group is not used generally as a structural material. Plastics are rapidly becoming important construction materials because of its great variety, strength, durability and lightness. The high strength to weight ratio of some plastic offers big field in the coming age of space travels and rockets. Plastics are light. The same benefits of light weight coupled with good strength and absence of corrosion offer tremendous potential as alternative to traditional building materials. A given volume of polythene weighs less than one-eighth of an equal volume of iron and less than half of the same volume of aluminum. The following of plastics are usually shared by all plastics lightweight, corrosion resistance, electrical and thermal insulation.

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Exercise 9. Translate from English into Russian. Define the syntax functions of the underlined words.

1.The Romans also used another structural type.

2.The traditional truss was made up of timbers arranged in triangular shapes or cells.

3.The triangle cannot be changed in shape.

4.It is possible to construct extended figures that are quite strong.

5.Wooden trusses were used in a wide variety of forms for roof construction in Roman buildings and continued to be used during the Middle Ages.

6.It is the broadest wooden span of medieval times.

7.During the nineteenth century, many new forms of trusses were devised, often identified by the name of the engineer who first used them.

8.Wooden trusses were used in a wide variety of forms for roof construction in Roman buildings and continued to be used during the Middle Ages.

Exercise 10. Translate the words:

ферма, древесина, размещать встроенный, искажать, сгибать, крыша, ребро, определять, элемент.

Exercise 11. Note in the texts of this unit:

a.Noun groups

b.Modal verbs

c.Participle II

d.ing-forms

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