Zadanie__133_Kreer-Gorelikova

the added floors will counteract some of the inward lateral forces created by the lower floors hanging from the cables.

Buildings can also be suspended by cables from a single mast support and most buildings are built nowadays using such a suspension device in the cranes that lift materials. These have cables or steel rods from a central mast supporting the end of the boom of the crane. A striking example of this technique as the principal structure of a building is the West coast Transmission Building, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, 1968-69, by Rhone and Iredale, architects, with Bogue and Babicki, engineers. In this building the floors are suspended by cables coming out from the central core that rises above the topmost floor.

*– stipulate – ставить условием

**– shipments – погрузка, груз

***– atop – наверху

Exercise 4. Translate the words:

van, technique, tower, mast, grid, deliver, area, floor, attach, fasten, proof, lateral, add, rod, boom, crane, lift, enlarge, outer, load, create, rigid, truss, device, single, material, pull, example.

Exercise 5. Choose the right translation from column A to column B:

A:grid, technique, attach, central core, van, boom, device, floor, cable, support, lateral, truss, load, area, pave, structure, solution, deliver, pull.

B:решетка, решение, прикреплять, доставлять, технология, центральный ствол со стояками инженерных сетей, устройство, фургон, стрела, перекрытие, опора, нагрузка, кабель, боковой, конструкция, ферма, зона, мостить, тянуть.

Exercise 6. Are these meanings correct or incorrect? Correct the mistakes:

mast – мачта level – этаж area – зона van – ванна

structure – конструкция grid – сеть

tower – башня truss – трест

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lateral – боковой boom – кран

device – устройство attach – прикреплять beam – луч

mast – должен

Exercise 7. Translate the following word combinations:

ground level, entire building, outer wall, rigid grid, floor beam, cablesupported wall grid, floor load, wall load, outward, lateral force, lower floor, single mast support, suspension device, steel rod, central mast, crane boom, central core, topmost floor.

Exercise 8. Underline the word which is unnecessary: steel, iron, wood, cement, concrete, floor.

floor, wall, ceiling, partition, load. column, truss, beam, girder, van.

Exercise 9. Translate the sentences paying attention to Gerund.

1.The dead weight of the roof deck kept the roof from fluttering in the wind.

2.Glazing is done on site.

3.This column fulfills the function of resisting.

4.The exterior walls are necessary for carrying the loads.

5.The concrete floor units are capable of carrying a load of up to 5 kN/ sq m.

6.These panels are installed for lining the walls.

7.The panels are capable of being removed.

8.The internal sills are cavity for heating services.

9.Engineers are aware of the problems involved in laying building’s foundations.

10.Too little allowance is made for possibility of a heavy structure’s sinking unevenly.

11.By examining the sample the engineer can know the shifts in the earth during and after building.

12.These are solid shafts made either by driving reinforced concrete into the ground or by boring holes in the earth and pouring in the concrete.

13.It may be a question of a building’s floating.

14.Friction prevents a foundation from sinking.

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Exercise 10. Read and translate text B with a dictionary. Try to retell this text.

Text B. WALLS

A very important part of any structure is a wall. Walls may be constructed in different forms. The walls include windows and doors, heads and sills, stanchion* casings and inner lining panels. The doors and windows provide for controlled passage of environmental factors and people through the wall line. The aluminum heads, sills and windows are fixed from inside the building. After this, the 900 mm and 1.800 mm wide exterior doors are installed. These doors are aluminum framed and preglazed or hardwood framed and glazing is done on site. All walls are also designed to provide resistance to passage of fire for some defined period of time, such as a one-hour wall. The function of resisting fire fulfills stanchions. The stanchions are enclosed in casings.

That's why any engineer must know all methods of constructing walls for buildings. Of cause walls are made of various materials to serve several functions. The wails are divided into interior and exterior walls. The exterior walls protect the building interior from external environmental effects such as heat and cold, sunlight, ultraviolet radiation, rain, sound, while containing desirable interior environmental conditions. The exterior walls arc made up of brick cladding, wall planks. The wall planks are designed to be weatherproof and to support the outer cladding. The wall planks and floor units are fixed only while the steel frame is being erected. The concrete floor units are capable of carrying a load of up to 5 kN/ sq m**. Finally, the internal' sills and lining panels are installed. The lining panels are capable of being removed to give access to the services. The lining panels and the internal sills are cavity for heating and electrical services.

*– stanchion – опора, стойка, колонна

**– kN/sq m – кН/кв. м

Exercise 11. Translate the words:

решетка, мачта, центральный ствол со стояками инженерных сетей, башнеподобная конструкция, прикреплять, верхняя часть, доставлять, уровень, зона, кабель, стрела (крана).

UNIT 11

Exercise 1. Translate the following:

either…or…, both…and…, most, with, the same, by, nearly, within, for, due to, compared to, following, but, by, about, provided, in case, a series of, until.

Exercise 2. Words to be remembered: agora – агора

production – производство

pottery – (керамическое) гончарное изделие metalwork – металлическая конструкция pitched roof – покатая крыша

pitch (v., n.) – устанавливать, уклон ската крыши unit – единица, секция

internal – внутренний

chamber – камера, помещение, комната line (v.) – облицовывать

exedra – экседра, гостиная, зал, ротонда stoa – портик, стоа (крытая колоннада)

Exercise 3. Read and translate text A.

Text A. DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE

Since most civic and commercial business was transacted in the open air in the agora, the private houses of the Greeks generally were small until the fourth century B.C., when Greek culture entered a new phase called Hellenistic. Artisans'* houses discovered west of the Athenian acropolis show how the plans were adapted to the irregular street pattern. In such artisans homes there might be a room set aside for the production of pottery or metalwork. Aside from this the house consisted of a small court open to the sky, with a series of rooms opening on to it. Of one storey, these houses usually had roofs pitched inward toward the central open court In Priene because of the regular blocks, the houses were rectangles. Typically these had an exedra to the south of a central court, sheltered from the sun and winds, and a megaron** or «oikos», the major public room.

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PUBLIC BUILDINGS (I)

Compared to the number, types, and size of Roman public buildings, Greek public buildings were more limited. Perhaps most important in function were the stoas that lined and defined the agoras. Long rectangular buildings and open on one side to face the agora, these often had an internal row of columns down the middle to support the roof or the upper floor, and small chambers in a row along the back for storekeepers and offices. Following the Classical period, stoas became quite long, as illustrated by the 117-foot (35.7 meters) stoa given to Athens by King Attalos of Pergamum and built c.150 B.C. on the east side of the agora. Various covered halls were built to accommodate small groups of people. The bouletarion*** was one type, designed to house the council, of the polis. The bouletarion of Athens, on the west side of the agora, was larger than most, but the small bouletarion at Priene, built about 200 B.C., survives in better condition. Measuring nearly 60 by 66 feet (18.5 by 20 meters), it had tiers of benches on three sides, providing seating for about seven hundred people, and could probably have housed nearly all the voting citizens of Priene whose total population must have been about four thousand. Around the topmost seats were fourteen supports, reducing the span required of the wooden truss roof to roughly 47% feet (14.5 meters), a considerable span at that time.

*artisan – ремесленник, кустарь

**megaron – греческий дом прямоугольного плана с очагом посередине

***bouletarion – булевтерион (Дом Совета, здание Сената)

Exercise 4. Translate the words:

chamber, metalwork, production, pottery, unit, rectangle, adapt, line (v., n.), production, type, size, define, agora, upper, house (v), polis, accommodate, survive, reduce, roughly, span, truss.

Exercise 5. Choose the right translation from A to B:

A:line (v), chamber, unit, production, agora, type, internal, external, upper, metalwork, pottery, rectangular, provide, function, row, size, column, consist of, pattern.

B:образец, единица (секция), тип, колонна, ряд, облицовывать, комната, производство, размер, функция, состоять из, верхний, металлоконструкция, агора, гончарное изделие, обеспечивать, прямоугольный, внешний, внутренний.

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Exercise 6. Are these meanings correct or incorrect? Correct the mistakes:

metalwork – работа с металлом type – тип

condition – условие chamber – палата pattern – партнер unit – единица agora – агора

pitch – конек крыши pottery – гончарное изделие roof – крыша

house – вмещать production – продукт side – сторона

size – размер

Exercise 7. Translate the following word combinations:

private house, irregular street pattern, central open court, pitched roof, internal column row, upper floor, topmost seats, wooden truss roof, considerable span, public building, pottery production, unit type, single unit, domestic architecture, rectangular structure, city plan.

Exercise 8. Translate the following words as nouns and verbs:

house, span, line, design, pitch, limit, support, face, concrete, plan, feature, cover, project, work, order, level, measure, range, rate.

Exercise 9. Translate the sentences paying attention to Infinitive.

1.Large beams run along the edges of such shells to stiffen them.

2.It is possible to build shells with much less material.

3.Concrete was placed on the cables to create the roof deck.

4.The solution was to carry the entire building on cables suspended from the tops of two towers.

5.There is a truss to keep the towers apart.

6.Walls are made of various materials to serve several functions.

7.An engineer has a lot of work to be done.

8.The walls are designed to support the outer cladding.

9.The lining panels can be removed to give access to the services.

10.Covered halls were built to accommodate small groups of people.

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11.These feet-shaped piers are packed with reinforcing rods to take up the tensile stresses.

12.The earth became dense enough to prevent movement.

13.It is important for an engineer to know about different types of the ground.

14.In the 19-th century suspension bridges began to be built of iron chains.

Exercise 10. Read and translate text B with a dictionary. Write five special questions to the text.

Text B. BRICKWORK

We have mentioned about some methods of constructing walls for buildings. All walls are made of different materials. For example, walls are made of brick. The brick walls are laid up with a space between separate vertical parallel walls and connected with occasional cross bricks or metal ties. This method provides «cavity walls».

In areas of possible earthquake damage the «cavity» in brick work and the open cells in concrete units is reinforced with standard reinforcing rods and fully grouted with a soupy mixture of concrete. Normal spacing for vertical reinforcement is 4 at 24" with 4 at 48" horizontal fully, encased in grout up to 10" high. Reinforcement requirements should be shown on the drawings for other situations.

But it is a special part of building called masonry. Masonry is installed with cement mortar at bed and end joints, usually 3/8" or 1/2" thick. The masonry includes a stone or brick work and concrete units. The concrete units are laid in a similar manner, but obviously there is no open space between inner and outer shells. Each unit has an open core. The concrete units are used primarily as foundations, exterior or fire-separation walls. The brick and concrete units are manufactured in standard sizes.

Exercise 11. Read and translate text С without a dictionary.

Text C. THE GREEK POLIS

The most important political contribution of Greek civilization was the invention of democracy in Athens. As with other Greek words, we have no proper equivalent to polis except to render it as "city-state," which says both too much and not enough. The polis was a community of

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families related by common ancestors a person did not move into or join a city — one was born a member. Those who traveled and lived in cities other than those where they were born were considered resident aliens.

The polis encompassed the farms around it for Greeks preferred to live in the city in close quarters and walk out to their farms, rather than live in isolated farm villas. The polis encompassed the whole communal life of the people, political, cultural, moral, and economic.

To say a polis was a city suggests a size that is too large, for Greeks felt a person ought to be able to cross the entire of the polis on foot in two days. In the Republic Plato described the ideal polis as having 5,000 citizens, and Aristotle wrote in Politics that a person should be able to recognize all the citizens of his polis. Most poleis were roughly this size, although Athens, Syracuse, and Akragas had populations over 20,000. In 430 B.C. the total population of the region of Attica including Athens, was roughly 330,000 of which about 15,000 were resident aliens and about 115,000 were slaves in domestic service. Of the remaining 200,000, about 35,000 were male citizens over eighteen and the remainders were women and children.

contribution – вклад polis – полис ancestor – предок resident – житель alien – чужак

isolate – изолировать roughly – примерно row – ряд

erect – возводить

community – населенный пункт, сообщество

Exercise 12. Translate the words:

кирпичная кладка, комната, единица, гончарное изделие, металлическая конструкция, покатая крыша, внутренний, частный дом, облицовывать, производство.

Exercise 13. Note in the texts of this unit:

a.Modal verbs

b.ing-forms

c.ed-forms

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UNIT 12

Exercise 1. Translate the following:

15 in.; 342 ft.; 15sq. ft.; 25 p.s.i.; 4 p.s.f.; 5 yd.; 100 m.p.h.; 120 r.p.m.; 28 lb.

Exercise 2. Words to be remembered: temple – храм

ramp up – наращивать tilt – наклонять

stone pier – каменная опора radiating – радиальный curved wall – изогнутая стена fluted – рифленый semicircular – полукруглый sacred – священный

dedicate – посвящать, открывать

barrel vault – полуцилиндрический свод tier – ряд, ярус

Exercise 3. Read and translate text A.

Text A. PUBLIC BUILDINGS

Because of their intensive urban life the Romans developed a range of varied public building types. The largest of these, meant to accommodate public amusements, were not covered, but others had large volumes covered with concrete vaults of various shapes.

Roman theaters, derived from Greek models, were the scene for revivals of Greek plays as well as the production of newer, Roman works. They were not located near temples but instead near the business centre of the Roman city; and since they were not built into the sides of sacred acropolises, Roman theatres had their seats ramped up on tilted vaults raised on stone piers. The basic form of the Roman theatre was crystallized in the Theatre of Marcellus, Rome projected by Augustus himself built under the direction of Marcus Agrippa and dedicated about 12 B.C. The seats were inclined on a system of radiating and tilted concrete barrel vaults supported by radiating stone piers, between which threaded the stairs and ramps leading to the sections of seating. The outer curved wall

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was opened up by superimposed arcades of travertine* faced with engaged orders—unfluted Doric at the lower level and Ionic on the second level (the treatment of the third level is not known, for it was rebuilt during the Middle Ages). Unlike Greek theatres, Roman theatres were exactly semicircular, with a half-circle orchestra where Senators were often seated; the Theatre of Marcellus measured 365 feet (111 meters) in diameter. In its three tiers of seats, each one pitched more steeply than the one below, the Theatre of Marcellus could accommodate eleven thousand spectators.

* travertine – известковый туф

Exercise 4. Translate the words:

ramp up, tilt, curve, semicircular, pier, pitch (v., n.), diameter, treatment, stone, incline, seat, locate, temple, volume, cover (v., n.), high, height, stairs, ramp, urban, rural, raise, model, works, order (n.).

Exercise 5. Choose the right translation from A to B:

A:ramp, tilt, pier, stone, curve, temple, rural, urban, semicircular, volume, pitch, treatment, level, typical, exactly, permanent, vault, shape, rebuild, rear.

B:перестраивать, постоянный, форма, типовой, свод, уклон (пандус), наклонять, городской, сельский, изгибать (-ся), опора, уровень, камень, точно, храм, полукруглый, объем, уклон (скат) (крыши), обработка, задний (задняя часть).

Exercise 6. Are these meanings correct or incorrect? Correct the mistakes:

tilt – наращивать semicircular – круглый pier – опора

ramp – скат (крыши) pitch – пандус temple – гробница

permanent – временный vault – свод

lead – вести concrete – бетон side – размер urban – городской

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