Zadanie__133_Kreer-Gorelikova
.pdfUNIT 3
Exercise 1.Translate the auxiliary words: as, does, these, along, so that, over, as well as.
Exercise 2. Words to be remembered: fibrous material – волокнистый материал resist – противостоять
tensile stress –напряжение при растяжении wrought iron – кованное железо
span(v., n.) – пролет, перекрывать расстояние tensile strength – прочность при растяжении crack – растрескиваться
deform – деформировать
force (v., n.) – прикладывать силу, сила collapse – разрушать
solid – твердый
crystalline – с кристаллической структурой carry – нести
compressive strength – прочность при сжатии formwork – опалубка
liquid – жидкий pour – лить
reinforced concrete – железобетон hollow out – опустошать
reduce – уменьшать
iron bar – железный брус.
Exercise 3. Read and translate text A.
Text A. THE POST AND LINTEL (part 2)
Wood, being a fibrous material, resists tensile stresses well, as does wrought iron and modern steel, and beams of these materials can span significant distances. The tensile forces along the bottom of a beam for along the top of a cantilever are determined by the length of the span and the load placed on the beam. It happens so that eventually, given a span and a load sufficiently great, the tensile strength of the material will be
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exceeded. The beam will crack at the bottom or deform along the top (or both) and will collapse. Stone and solid concrete, being crystalline materials, have less tensile strength than fibrous wood, and a wooden beam over a given span can carry a load that would crack a stone beam carrying the same load. Of course, the stone beam starts out being far heavier by itself.
The solution, in beams of concrete, which has great compressive strength, is to place something within the concrete that will take the tensile forces. This was done by the Romans, as well as in modern times, by placing iron (and now steel) rods in the formwork into which the liquid concrete is then poured. The result is reinforced concrete. The steel is placed where the tensile forces accumulate — on the bottoms of beams and at the top of cantilevers. The Greeks also faced this problem. The central opening of the gateway to the Akropolis in Athens, the Propylaia, built 437-32 B.C., had to accommodate the passage of pairs of sacrificial oxen with their handlers; the result was a span of 18 feet (5.5 meters), far too great for a solid block of marble that also had to carry the roof. The solution adopted by the architect, Mnesikles, was to hollow out the beam to reduce its own weight (it still weighed eleven tons) and to place iron bars along the top of the beam, tо carry the weight of the marble blocks above. In this unique instance, the iron bars are at the top of the beam, not the bottom, where they would be expected. Even so, over the centuries cracks developed in this lintel beam.
Exercise 4. Translate the words:
wood, beams, span(v., n.), crack, deform, exceed, top, collapse, force, rod, formwork, opening, roof, reduce, accommodate, accumulate, solution, determine, opening.
Exercise 5. Choose the right translation from A to B:
A: resist, span, crack, deform, formwork, reduce, pour, bar, rod, fibrous, liquid.
B: пролет, уменьшать, растрескиваться, стержень, брусок, жидкий, противостоять, деформировать, лить, опалубка, волокнистый.
Exercise 6. Are these meanings correct or incorrect? Correct the mistakes:
expect – предлагать
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develop – развивать determine – уменьшать reduce – определять solution - решение crack – перекрывать span – растрескиваться formwork – брусок resist – противостоять pour – лить
Exercise 7. Translate the following word combinations:
fibrous material, tensile strength, wrought iron, modern steel, tensile stress, wooden beam, carry a load, compressive strength, iron rod, reinforced concrete, face the problem, solid block of marble, iron bars.
Exercise 8. Read and translate text B with a dictionary. Write a summary of the text.
Text B.
With a great number of plants producing precast reinforced concrete elements in our country and abroad it is a rapid growth of precast concrete products. Particularly they are wall panels, slabs, beams to serve a multitude of building needs. This industry has a task to maintain and improve the quality of the products. A lot of excellent work has already been done to raise the standards of this industry to their present level.
First of all a well-designed plant must be established in the given area. A careful appraisal of the potential requirements provides valuable information for determining the size of the plant which should be built. A number of economic considerations deserve a particular attention. The following general aspects should be kept in mind when designing a plant. The plant floor level should be not 6 inches above the general grade of the yard to assure. In addition, concrete yard runways should be slightly above the level of the surrounding yard so that they will remain free of pebbles and other obstructions that might interfere with the operation of trucks or other equipment. The yard should slope away from the main building in all directions if possible. Adequate space should be allowed at sides and in front of machines and casting beds.
Then, a well-designed plant must have sufficient capacity for the normal output plus reasonable margin for a possible increase. All raw
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materials are elevated into overhead storage bins. The materials may move by gravity from the bins to the mixers and molding machinery without reelevating. With such an arrangement the mixers are located on a separate floor level directly above the molding machinery. In large plants producing precast-concrete elements the molded units are delivered from the molding machinery to high-pressure steam curing autoclaves for further treatment.
Exercise 9. Translate from English into Russian. Define the syntax functions of the underlined words.
1.Modern steel, and beams of these materials can span significant distances.
2.Stone and solid concrete have less tensile strength than fibrous wood.
3.This was done by the Romans, as well as in modern times.
4.The central opening of the gateway to the Akropolis in Athens had to accommodate the passage.
5.The iron bars are at the top of the beam, not the bottom, where they would be expected.
6.The tensile strength of the material will be exceeded.
7.A wooden beam over a given span can carry a load that would crack a stone beam carrying the same load.
8.The solution adopted by the architect, Mnesikles, was to hollow out the beam to reduce its own weight.
9.This was done by the Romans, as well as in modern times, by placing iron (and now steel) rods in the formwork.
Exercise 10. Translate the words:
противостоять, напряжение при растяжении, пролет, перекрывать расстояние, прочность при растяжении, растрескиваться, прочность при сжатии, опалубка, железобетон, уменьшать, железный брус.
Exercise 11. Note in the texts of this unit:
a.Passive Voice
b.Noun groups
c.Modal verbs
d.ed-forms
e.ing-forms
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UNIT 4
Exercise 1.Translate the auxiliary words:
first, second, because of, as, much, during, by, until, unless, would, either.
Exercise 2. Words to be remembered: masonry wall – каменные стены
arch – арка
wedge-shaped voussoir – клиновидный (клинчатый) кирпич blocks of stone – слои камня
subject (v. n.) – подвергаться воздействию, предмет eliminate – устранять
generate – производить distribute – распределять
wooden framework – деревянный каркас (опалубка) keystone – замковый камень
lay out – укладывать, раскладывать планировать increase – увеличивать
structural form – конструкционная форма restrain – ограничивать
arched bridge – арочный мост feet of the arch – опоры арки
bedrock – подстилающая порода, скальное основание bear down – опираться на
Exercise 3. Read and translate text A.
Text A. ARCH
If we return to the basic masonry wall once again, we find there is an alternative for spanning an opening — the arch.
Like the lintel the arch can be made up of stone, but the arch has two great advantages. First, masonry arch is made up of many smaller parts, the wedge-shaped voussoirs, the critical necessity of finding a large lintel free of cracks or flaws is eliminated, as are the logistics of handling large blocks of stone. Second, because of the physics involved, the arch can span much greater distances than can a stone lintel. The gravitational forces generated by the wall above the arch are distributed over the arch
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and converted in the voussoirs to diagonal forces roughly perpendicular to the lower face of each voussoir. Each voussoir is subjected to compressive forces. One of the drawbacks of arch construction is that during construction all the voussoirs must be supported by a wooden framework, the centering, until the uppermost voussoir, the keystone, is put in place. At that instant the arch becomes self-supporting and the centering can be removed to be used to build the next arch.
Traditionally, centering was semicircular in form, as this shape was the easiest to lay out on the job site. Unfortunately the semicircular arch is not a perfect structural form, for the forces at the base of an arch of this shape are not going straight down. In almost everytraditional structural form, there are lateral (sideways) forces in additional to vertical forces (those generated by gravity and going straight down). This is especially true of the semicircular arch, and the problem increases in direct proportion to the vertical forces the arch carries. These lateral forces would cause the base of the arch to spread unless suitably restrained, as in a large arched bridge in which the feet of the arch push against the bedrock on either side of a gorge. In an arch that has no wall bearing down on it there is another problem – the arch’s own weight.
Exercise 4. Translate the words:
stone, part, eliminate, generate, involve, force, voussoir, support, uppermost, put, semicircular, shape, lateral, cause.
Exercise 5. Choose the right translation from A to B:
A: involve, distribute, keystone, remove, restrain, bedrock, framework, increase, lay out, advantage.
B: вовлекать, ограничивать, опалубка, увеличивать, преимущество, подстилающая порода, распределять, прокладывать, удалять, замковый камень.
Exercise 6. Are these meanings correct or incorrect? Correct the mistakes:
eliminate – поддерживать drawback – преимущество force – сила
voussoir – кирпич bridge – свод
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generate – устранять
support – подвергать воздействию subject – вовлекать
Exercise 7. Translate the following word combinations:
masonry wall, block of stone, stone lintel, gravitational forces, compressive force, arch construction, wooden framework, structural form, arched bridge, job site, bear down.
Exercise 8. Read and translate text B with a dictionary. Write a summary of the text.
Text B.
The science of building is Architecture. Any engineer can’t take a form of the building without consideration of structural principles, materials, social and economic requirements. So, a building cannot be considered as a work of architecture. From the very beginning architecture of many skills, systems and theories have been used for the construction of the buildings that men have housed in all their essential activities. The coexistence of change and survival is evident in all phases of the human story. This change and repetition is clearly illustrated in any architectural style. The historical background of architecture is the value of our cultural heritage. The heritage of the past cannot be ignored. Such recognition of continuity does not imply repetition or imitation. It must be expressed in contemporary terminology. Writing on architecture is almost as old as writing itself. There are a lot of books on the theory of architecture, on the art of a building and on the aesthetic appearance of buildings. The oldest book is a work of Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, written in the first century B.C. Nearly two thousand years ago the Roman architect Vitruvius set the principles upon which buildings should be designed and aims to guide the architect. He was the first who listed three basic factors in architecture — "convenience, strength and beauty". The sequence of these three basic aims — "convenience, strength and beauty" — has its own significance.
Exercise 9. Translate from English into Russian. Define the syntax functions of the underlined words.
1.The arch can be made up of stone, but it has two great advantages.
2.Masonry arch is made up of many smaller parts.
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3.Because of the physics involved, the arch can span much greater distances than can a stone lintel.
4.Each voussoir is subjected to compressive forces.
5.The arch becomes self-supporting and the centering can be removed to be used to build the next arch.
6.These lateral forces would cause the base of the arch to spread unless suitably restrained.
7.In an arch that has no wall bearing down on it there is another problem
– the arch’s own weight.
8.From the very beginning systems and theories have been used for the construction of the buildings that men have housed in all their essential activities.
Exercise 10. Translate the words:
ограничивать, устранять, укладывать, производить, распределять, арка, замковый камень, увеличивать, подвергаться воздействию, подстилающая порода.
Exercise 11. Note in the texts of this unit:
a.Comparative and superlative forms
b.Noun groups
c.Modal Verbs
d.ed-forms
e.ing-forms
f.That-functions
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UNIT 5
Exercise 1.Translate the auxiliary words:
one, ones, that, in the case of, such, since, along, by, so that, thus, as.
Exercise 2. Words to be remembered:
arcuated structure – аркообразное (дугообразное) сооружение flat plane – плоскость
vault – свод
tunnel (barrel) vault – цилиндрический свод solid – жесткий
buttress – подпорка, опора intersect – пересекать
groin vault – крестовый свод
lunette – люнет (арочный проем в стене) arrangement – расположение
foot of the vault – основание свода dome – купол
shell – каркас, остов, свод-оболочка
oculus – круглое окно, отверстие в вершине купола wall of the drum – стена барабана купола
niche – ниша
viscous material – вязкий, клейкий материал aggregate – заполнитель
lime – известняк
cement (v., n.) – цементировать, цемент basalt – базальт
pumice – пемза, пористый вулканический материал foundation ring – кольцо фундамента
binding – связующий
Exercise 3. Read and translate text A.
Text A. VAULTS (part I)
An arcuated structure, the one built up of arches, acts structurally on a flat plane, but if the arch is imagined pushed through space, the form that
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results is a vault. In the case of a semicircular arch, the resulting vault is called a tunnel or barrel vault.
Usually such vaults are placed up on walls, but since the solid barrel vault is heavy, this causes the walls to spread out at the top. These lateral forces can be resisted by substantial buttresses along the walls or by thickening the wall. An example of a barrel vault raised to great height is the nave of Saint-Sernin, Toulouse, France, begun 1080. But, as SaintSernin also shows, solid barrel vaults result in dark interiors. A solution devised earlier by the Romans was to run additional barrel vaults at right angles to the main vault so that they intersected, resulting in a groin vault, opened up by wide semicircular lunettes at each end and along the sides. With this arrangement, the forces are channeled down along the groins where the vaults intersect and are concentrated at points at the foot of the vaults.
An arch rotated in three dimensions about its center generates a dome; a semicircular arch thus makes a hemispherical dome. The dome is a massive shell of concrete, 4 feet (1.2 meters) thick at the top, where there is the broad, single opening of the eye, or oculus, 30 feet (9.1 meters) across. The wall of the drum below, also 21 feet (6.4 meters) thick and supporting the five thousand tons of the dome, is hollowed out by niches 14 feet (4.3 meters) deep, so that in fact it functions structurally as sixteen radial buttresses, connected at their tops by radial barrel vaults.
The weight of the concrete per cubic foot in the Pantheon was varied by the Roman architects and engineers by means of the materials used to make up the concrete. Concrete is a thick viscous material mixed of water, an aggregate of broken rock (caementa in Latin), and a binding material derived from lime that will cement everything together. In the concrete of the Pantheon, the rock aggregate was varied from the very densest and heaviest basalt in the foundation ring, where the greatest weight had to be carried, to pumice in the part of the dome nearest the oculus, in an effort to reduce the loads from above.
Exercise 4. Translate the words:
vault, buttress, lunette, shell, dome, aggregate, basalt, oculus, lime, nave, cement, devise, effort.
Exercise 5. Choose the right translation from A to B:
A: vault, dome, shell, cement, intersect, arrangement, solution, point, generate, buttress.
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