Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на слова, образованные по способу конверсии. Укажите признаки, которые позволяют определить, какой частью речи являются подчёркнутые слова.

1. The two most important building materials appeared in the 19^th century.

2. The Greeks sometimes used iron rods to strengthen the building.

3. He designs buildings.

4. New designs are the result of new materials and building methods.

5. The plan shows what materials a builder must use.

6. They plan the building process.

7. Concrete is very versatile.

8. Builders had to concrete the holes.

9. He described new concrete blocks.

10. Each building functions for a long time.

11. This material has several functions.

12. Heat flows to a cooler area.

13. The flow continues until outside and inside temperatures are equal.

14. He has to know the subject of design procedures.

15. If concrete is subjected to tensile stresses, it must be reinforced with steel.

Упражнение 2. Переведите производные слова согласно схеме: основа глагола + -er/or = существительное

to produce – producer

to heat – heater

to calculate– calculator

to build - builder

to read – reader

to construct – constructor

to invent – inventor

to lose– loser

to operate – operator

to bind – binder

to use – user

to design– designer

Упражнение 3. Переведите производные слова согласно схеме:

прилагательное + суффикс -ly = наречие

natural - naturally

short - shortly

wide - widely

serious - seriously

usual - usually

constant - constantly

great - greatly

bad – badly

general – generally

easy – easily

Упражнение 4. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на наречия.

1. The plans explain briefly what materials must be used.

2. Steel, basically an alloy of iron and a small amount of carbon.

3. A sample of rubber becomes substantially shorter and a little wider.

4. Usually failure unit stress is determined experimentally.

5. The material is used inefficiently.

6. Shearing unit stress acts unequally.

Упражнение 5. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на страдательный залог сказуемого.

1. About 950 million tones of cement powder are produced each year.

2. Different cements are used in special circumstances.

3. In order to get the necessary properties special admixtures are sometimes added to concrete.

4. An advantage of concrete is the ease with which its properties can be changed.

5. Concrete may be unreinforced, reinforced with steel or prestressed.

6. Concrete was poured into its final position on site,

Упражнение 6. Прочтите следующие числительные:

21.02.1974; 987; 3256; 839,200; 3,482,408; 795; 437;12,457; 73,042; 02.08.1982.

Текст B

PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE

Concrete has many characteristics that make it a construction material which is used most widely. Concrete is easily available, it can take the shape of the form which it is placed in, and its properties can be easily changed.

Basically, concrete is 60-80 percent aggregates (sand, stone), which are filler ingredients, and 20-40 percent "paste" (water, Portland cement), which make the binder ingredient. These materials are combined or mixed, and cured to produce the hardened concrete.

The strength of the concrete depends on the strength of the aggregate-paste bond. The entire mass of the concrete is placed in a plastic state and almost immediately begins to develop strength (harden), a process which, under necessary conditions, may continue for years. Because concrete is at the beginning in a plastic state, it can be used in all kinds of construction, no matter what their size or shape are. But concrete in a plastic condition must be placed within forms, and these forms cannot be removed until the concrete has hardened.

In types of work where concrete is subjected to counteract compressive stresses, it is a very good building material. However, if the concrete is subjected to tensile stresses, it must be reinforced with steel, as concrete is weak in tension.

Notes:

beginning n. начало