Introductory exercises

I. Найдите в тексте, расшифруйте и переведите сокращения:

US; mil; , ops; DOD; gnd, strat; log; info; tac; admin; con; topo; rel; photo; def; comm; wea

II. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты словосочетаний:

топографическое изображение земной поверхности, уме|ние читать карту; различать по масштабу и типу; вычерчивать в масштабе; способствовать передвижению войск; удовлетворять административно-хозяйстаенные нужды; облегчать управление огнем; ука­зывать местоположение: изображать рельеф горизонталями; вос­произведение аэрофотоснимка или монтажа аэрофотоснимков

III. Объясните по-английски разницу в значении терминов:

large-scale map — medium-scale map — small-scale map; gene­ral map — special purpose map; strategic map —tactical map; planimetric map — topographic map; photomap — plastic relief map — plastic relief photomap; military map — hydrographic chart; artillery map — road map.

Учебный вопрос №4. Зрительно - устный перевод текста

TEXT

CLASSIFICATION OF MILITARY MAPS

(US views)

A map is a line drawing, to scale, of an area of the earth's surface. The ability to read, understand, and use a map is very im­portant professional qualification of every soldier and can be acquired early in his career. A thorough knowledge of map read­ing is essential to the soldier and a prerequisite to the mil leader in his role as student, instructor, and commander.

In most cases it is from the map that the commander studies the area over which he is to operate. It is on the map that the commander and his staff work out the details of the general plan. It is by means of the map that the commander transmits his orders to his command. It is again through the assistance of a map that his subordinates carry out their orders and instructions.

Maps and/or map substitutes are a primary fighting instru­ment of the commander of any unit from an army to a squad and play a vital part in mil opns. Try to imagine a mil opn without the use of maps. It is almost-inconceivable.

The term "military maps" includes all maps designed for use by the DOD except aeronautical and hydrographic charts. Mil maps are usually identified according to scale and type. The scale is expressed as a fraction and gives the ratio of map distance 'to gnd distance.

By scale all maps are classified as large-scale maps (1:75,000 or larger), medium-scale maps (scales larger than 1:600,000 and smaller than 1:75,000), and small-scale maps (scales of 1:600,000 or smaller).

By use all maps are classified as: general maps possessing a scale smaller than 1:1,000,000, such maps are used by staffs of large units for general planning and strat and log studies; strategic maps used for planning purposes when large units are involved in an op, with a scale of 1:1,000,000; strategic-tactical maps, used when maps having other scales than that of 1:250,000 are unsuitable or unavailable; road maps with a scale of about

1:250,000 designed to present road info such as classification, surfacing, capacities and route numbers to facilitate tac and admin troop movements; tactical maps with a scale of 1:50,000 serving the tac and admin needs of small troop units of all arms and services; artillery maps commonly produced at a scale of 1:25,000 with a superimposed grid to facilitate the fire con.

By types all maps are subdivided into:

Planimetric maps, topographic maps and photomaps.

Planimetric maps are a representation of the earth's surface in the two horizontal dimensions only. They are very useful to indicate locations, horizontal distances, and generally finding one's way about , but are of no value to a user whose primary concern is with the topo features of the land since they do not indicate heights.

Topographic maps are a representation of the earth's features in three dimensions. They show the same features as a planimetric map and in addition indicate rel, usually by means of contours.

Photomaps are reproduction of, aerial photo or a mosaic on which grid lines, place names, and marginal info have been added. Such maps have the advantage of speed of preparation, and of giving the user an actual picture of an earth’s surface; plastic relief maps are topo maps printed on plastic and molded into a three-dimensional form; plastic relief photomap is a photomap printed on plastic and molded into a three-dimensional form; photomosaic is an assembly of aerial photos to form a composite pictures; military city map is a large-scale topo map of a city; special purpose maps, designed to meet a specific need not covered by the .other classifications mentioned so far, including def overprints, comm maps, wea maps, and trafficability maps, terrain models and rel maps, aeronautical charts, and nautical charts.

Учебный вопрос №5. Выполнение упражнений IV, V, VI, VII,

IV.Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What is a map?

2. What is a topographic map?

3. What does the term "military map" mean?

4. What does the term "scale" mean?

5. What is the classification of maps by scale?

6. What is the. difference between road maps and artillery maps?

7. What is a planimetric map?

8. What does the term "topographical features" mean?

9. What is a photomap?