- •И.В. Орловская, ji.C. Самсонова, а.И. Скубриева
- •Предисловие к 4-му изданию
- •Lesson 1
- •Упражнение 10. Прочитайте и переведите интернациональные слова.
- •Lesson 2
- •Lesson 3
- •In the case of — в случае
- •At six o’clock at the laboratory.
- •Two hours later Mr.Wilson and Smith finished eating and left the laboratory.
- •It is difficult to imagine; applications such as; completely; to replace; to come into wide use; to double every ten years; to be an indicator; the latest technological advances.
- •In the case of
- •Revision of lessons 1-3
- •Radar battery generator appliances dynamo transformer
- •Lesson 5
- •1. This means that; this means; it means; new means; this means is. 2. This increase is; this increases; it increases; nothing increases;
- •Its increase. 3. These results; this results in; both results; this result; both result in; it results from.
- •Is there an End to the Computer Race?
- •Lesson 6
- •Revision of lessons 4-6
- •Pixel certain Web stylus chip perform cpu mouse
- •Lesson 7
- •Упражнение 20. Определите, к каким частям речи относятся слова.
- •Lesson 8
- •About... Further description of... Is given. It is pointed out that... As far as I know...
- •In conclusion I’d like to say that...
- •Virtual Laboratory Expands nasa Research
- •Lesson 9
- •If I were free, I should help you. Were I free, I should help you.
- •If he had known about the lecture, he would have come. Had he known about the lecture, he would have come.
- •Revision of lessons 7-9
- •Lesson 10
- •Упражнение 13. Определите части речи по суффиксам и префиксам.
- •I Want to Read Faster
- •In what situations can fast reading be useful in your opinion?
- •Introducing oneself Questions
- •Lesson 11
- •Lesson 12
- •Упражнение 13. Определите, к каким частям речи относятся слова.
- •Revision of lessons 10-12
- •Supplementary texts
- •Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea
- •Краткий поурочный грамматический справочник
- •§ 1. Глагол to be
- •§ 2. Глагол то have
- •§ 4. Личные и притяжательные местоимения (Personal and Possessive Pronouns)
- •§ 5. Времена группы Simple Active
- •The Present Simple Tense (Настоящее неопределенное время)
- •The Past Simple Tense (Прошедшее неопределенное время)
- •The Future Simple Tense (Будущее неопределенное время)
- •§ Б. Порядок слов в утвердительном, вопросительном и отрицательном предложениях
- •§ 7. Основные формы глаголов
- •§ 8. Страдательный залог (The Passive Voice)
- •§ 9. Особенности перевода пассивной конструкции
- •§ 10. Предлог (The Preposition)
- •I don’t know what problems я не знаю, с каких проблем
- •§ 11. Времена группы Continuous
- •§ 12. Функции и перевод it
- •§ 13. Функции и перевод one
- •§ 14. Функции и перевод that That может быть:
- •§ 15. Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий (Comparison Degrees of Adjectives and Adverbs)
- •§ 16. Времена группы Perfect
- •The Perfect (Active)
- •I shall not have written wej
- •I have met him today. Я встретил его сегодня.
- •I shall have done all my work by к семи часам я уже сделаю всю
- •§ 17. Соответствие английских временных форм временным формам глагола в русском языке
- •§18. Сводная таблица образования и упот
- •§ 19. Согласование времен (Sequence of Tenses)
- •§ 20. Согласование времен
- •§21. Дополнение (The Object)
- •§ 22. Определение (The Attribute)
- •Illustrated journal
- •§ 23. Неопределенные местоимения some, any, no, every и их производные
- •§ 24. Модальные глаголы (The Modal Verbs)
- •§ 25. Функции глагола to be
- •§ 26. Функции глагола to have
- •§ 27. Причастие (The Participle)
- •§ 28. Функции причастия в предложении. Основные способы перевода
- •Сопоставление перевода причастий в функции определения и обстоятельства
- •§ 29. Независимый причастный оборот
- •§ 30. Герундий (The Gerund)
- •Формы герундия
- •Функции герундия
- •Герундиальный оборот
- •Функции герундия и причастия
- •§ 31. Условные придаточные предложения (Conditional Sentences)
- •§ 32. Инфинитив (The Infinitive)
- •Формы инфинитива
- •I am glad to be helped. Я рад, что мне помогают.
- •I am glad to have been helped. Я рад, что мне помогли. Функции инфинитива
- •§ 33. Инфинитивный оборот с предлогом for
- •§ 34. Инфинитив как часть сложного дополнения (The Complex Object)
- •We know Professor у. (him) to Мы знаем, что профессор в.
- •§ 35. Инфинитив как часть сложного подлежащего (The Complex Subject)
- •§ 36. Сослагательное наклонение (The Subjunctive Mood)
- •§ 37. Употребление различных форм сослагательного наклонения
- •If he hadn’t phoned her, she Если бы он не позвонил ей, она wouldn’t have come. Бы не пришла.
- •§ 38. Особенности страдательного залога
- •Damage ['daemicfc] п повреждение
- •Dangerous ['deincfcros] а опасный
- •Day [dei] n день; - before yesterday
- •Deal (dealt) [dill, delt] V (with)
- •Defend [di'fend] n защищать(ся)
- •V летать; - up взлететь
- •V ходить, ездить; - away уходить;
- •Idea [ai'dio] n мысль, представление
- •Quantity ['kwontiti] п количество
- •Radiation [/eidi'eijan] п радиация
- •Safety ['seifti] n безопасность;
- •Vacation [vo'keijon] n каникулы
- •Water ['wo:to] п вода; а водный;
- •Дополнительные материалы для факультета «инженерный бизнес и менеджмент»
- •Money as a Unit of Account
- •Терминологический словарь
- •Division [di'vi3an] n подразделение
- •Encourage [т'клгссЭд V поощрять
- •Income ['тклт] п доход insurance [in'Juarans] п страхование
- •Value ['vaelju:] п стоимость, цена
- •Vital [Vaitl] я жизненно важный, крайне необходимый
- •Дополнительные материалы для специальности «юриспруденция»
- •Терминологический словарь
- •Abolish [a'bolij] V аннулировать;
- •Accused [a'kju:zd] n обвиняемый
- •Impartial [im'pa:Jel] а беспристрастный, справедливый
- •Victim ['viktim] п жертва; пострадавший
- •Основные значения и примеры употребления некоторых предлогов
- •Предлоги, наречия и союзы, совпадающие по форме
- •Список сокращений, встречающихся в технической литературе
- •Список наиболее употребительных математических знаков
- •A few examples of reading mathematical expressions
- •Improper fractions
- •Отпечатано с готовых диапозитивов Издательской группой “Логос” на базе ооо “Печатный Дом “Современник’ 105318, г. Москва, Измайловское шоссе, 4. 445043, г. Тольятти, Южное шоссе, 30.
- •Isbn 5-7038-2599-7
- •1. Time to disintegrate
Money as a Unit of Account
The most difficult aspect of money to understand is its function as a unit of account. Money is difficult to define, because the value of anything changes with time and circumstances.
Sir Isaac Newton defined the pound sterling (£) in 1717 as 113 grains of pure gold. By the end of the nineteenth century the gold standard had spread around most of the trading world, with the result that there was a single world money. It was called by different names in different countries, but all these supposedly different currencies were interconnected through their particular definition in terms of a quantity of gold.
The end of the gold standard began with the introduction of the agreement in 1946. This fixed the value of all world currencies relative to the US dollar, which in turn was fixed to a specific value of gold (US $ 0.35/oz.) However, in 1971 the US government finally refused to exchange US dollar for gold, and other countries soon followed. Governments printed as much paper money or coinage as they wanted, and the more that was printed, the less each unit of currency was worth.
The great advantage of the nineteenth-century gold standard was not just that it defined the unit of account, but that it operated throughout almost the entire world. A price in England was the same as a price in Australia or any other country.
Today we can determine price differences between countries by considering the exchange rate of the day.
The great advantage of having a single stable world money is that such money has very high information content. It tells people where to invest their time, energy and capital, all around the world, with much greater accuracy and predictability than would otherwise be possible.
Nowadays many specialists believe that within the next decade money, as we know it will probably cease to exist in technologically advanced countries. The familiar coins and notes will soon be replaced entirely by plastic money — plastic cards of various kinds. And the shops of the future will be linked directly to the network of banking computers. The shop assistant will simply key in your bank account code number and the amount you have spent, and thank you politely.
Banks have invested huge amounts of money in new technology. Credit cards are issued by credit card companies such as Visa and MasterCard. These companies work closely with all the major banks. A credit card enables you to pay for goods or services immediately without cash or cheque. You are given free credit for an agreed period. At the end of this period you are charged high interest. Every credit card holder is given a credit limit.
Most banks provide their customers with banker’s cards. Using PIN (personal identification number) you can use this card to withdraw cash from the ATMs (Automated Teller Machines).
Some banks have already introduced «first generation» smart cards. A smart card contains a computer «chip». It can do all the things other cards can do but it can also store and display each transaction. In the near future you may be using these cards for «home shopping», satellite TV, telephone charges, and as passports and identity cards.
В. Подберите к каждому слову и словосочетанию из колонки А соответствующее ему по значению из колонки В.
В
unit of account
bank account
value
take into account
take out money from the bank
money in coin or notes
grains' d. keeping one’s money at a bank
print e. stop, come to an end
consider f. unit of counting
cease g. worth of smth.
cash h. tiny, hard pieces
withdraw i. make books, pictures, etc.
Упражнение 7. Заполните пропуски терминами, переведите.
... is money that may be used to start a business.
... is the type of money used in a country.
... is money in coin or notes.
... are metal money, ... is system of coins in use.
... are paper money.
... money is different kinds of plastic cards.
... is to be worth in terms of money.
... is price asked for goods or services.
To ... means to ask smb. to pay.
To ... money means to keep some of one’s money, e.g., for a
new computer.
To ... money means to use it badly on things that one does not need.
The ... of living means how much people pay for things.
13.... of living is the level of money and comfort people have.
Упражнение 8. Заполните пропуски синонимами или антонимами.
value ... waste
condition ... lend
quantity ... cheap
common, often see or heard ... unstable
various ... minor
Упражнение 9. А. Назовите 20—25 ключевых слов и словосочетаний на тему: «Business and finance».
В. Speak about:
The state of the economy at the moment. Is it strong or is it in recession?
The current rate of inflation in the country. Has the government reduced company taxes or personal taxes lately? Has public expenditure risen or fallen recently?
New technology and money.
Какое значение имеют электронные средства связи в современной организации производства?
А. Прочитайте текст и постарайтесь догадаться о значении в данном контексте слов: vital, corporate, compile, memo, pace, respond, intranet, empower.
Paperwork and the Digital Nervous System
Bill Gates states it did not take Microsoft Co. long to get rid of most of the company’s paper forms. The move from paper to electronic forms is a vital step in the evolution of a modern organization’s nervous system. A corporate system defines how an organization deals with planned and unplanned events alike. It includes meetings, paperwork and electronic systems. It governs the way information about customers is stored, the way workers are organized, the way budgets are compiled and activities are coordinated, and the way information is exchanged.
In the past, companies were virtually alike in terms of how they managed these activities. Meetings, memos and managers were relied upon heavily. The pace was not usually too fast, and there was lots of paper.
But one of the lessons from Darwin is that the excellence of an organism’s nervous system helps determine its ability to sense change and quickly respond, thereby surviving or even thriving.
Today, new «digital nervous systems» are based on electronic communications tools that help corporations maintain themselves, defend from dangers and take advantage of opportunities rapidly. The Internet and intranets are essential.
You can easily bring the people you need together electronically, even if they are all over the globe. The people in the company can gain a common understanding of what is going on. They can exchange ideas easily.
Perhaps the single most important element of a digital nervous system is a customer database. Having all your information about customers in one place gives you the tools to analyze and make decisions. It empowers you to be highly responsive to customers needs.
Microsoft’s system is far from perfect, but it improves as the company takes better advantage of technology. Its annual budgeting process used to take three months. Microsoft invented a new process around electronic forms on the company’s intranet.
The budget cycle is now a very tense three-week period. The company’s digital system lets everybody see immediately what the other people in the company are planning. The managers see comparisons of sales and expense forecasts relative to market size in other divisions and regions. The product groups see the numbers organized by product. The subsidiaries see the numbers geographically. The finance people see them in on a profit-and-loss basis.
In other words, information can automatically be analyzed and compared and summarized and brought to the attention of the people who need to know about it.
В. Подберите к каждому слову или словосочетанию в колонке Л соответствующее по значению из колонки В.
take smb. to do smth. a.
И.В. Орловская, JI.C. Самсонова, А.И. Скубриева 3
для технических университетов и вузов 4
2006 4
LESSON 1 11
LESSON 2 58
LESSON 3 77
REVISION OF LESSONS 1-3 107
LESSON 5 130
LESSON 6 164
REVISION OF LESSONS 4-6 184
LESSON 7 188
LESSON 8 211
LESSON 9 257
REVISION OF LESSONS 7-9 305
LESSON 10 315
в. 352
LESSON 11 354
LESSON 12 372
REVISION OF LESSONS 10-12 422
SUPPLEMENTARY TEXTS 425
* J 467
ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ 767
В
use for one’s own benefit be successful, prosper act in answer to necessary for living need, require give power to act in the same way be similar
controlled by a larger company
collect (information) and arrange it in a list
note for future use
belonging to a corporation or group
become free of
move at an unhurried rate
С. Заполните пропуски синонимами, control
feel, realize
virtually
determine
allow at once
excellent most important ...
similar
protect
D. Составьте возможные словосочетания из глаголов в колонке А и существительных из колонки В:
compile
take
manage / organize
В
information
understanding
decisions
store / exchange / analyze d. ideas
make e. workers, activities
gain f. advantage
exchange g. a budget
Б. Составьте возможные словосочетания прилагательных из колонки А и существительных из колонки В.
А В
annual a. forms
vital b. budget
digital с. understanding
common d. communications tools
electronic e. step
paper and electronic f. system
F. Заполните пропуски, образуя составные слова, общеизвестные словосочетания или термины. Запомните их.
profit and ... market...
three-week ... ... group
... forecast paper ...
expense ... ... people
Упражнение 1. А. Назовите 10—15 ключевых слов и словосочетаний на тему «Electronic communication tools».
В. Speak about:
The role and importance of electronic communications tools in a modern company organization.
Text 4
Что такое логистика? Каковы последние направления в этой области?
А. Прочитайте текст и постарайтесь догадаться о значении следующих слов: retrieve, storage, package of services, to contract, totality.
Flexible Logistics Systems
Several organisations are expanding beyond their national borders as a strategy to improve competitiveness and their ability to offer diverse products to an expanded market. Many companies have become very proficient at supplying products throughout the world. The task requires not only the ability to recognize opportunities, but also an information system to co-ordinate the supply of goods and materials to places where they are needed throughout the world.
Logistics is supply, distribution and replacement of materials, goods and personnel. It is a problem for all organisations, both public and private. For instance, there were tremendous logistics challenges of moving the US military — army, navy, and air force — to carry out the military operations called «Desert Storm», problems which were even more complex when other nations belonging to the United Nations assisted with the operations. Large logistical problems are faced by relief agencies which are trying to give public assistance to people during emergencies.
In a small warehouse, improvements can be obtained from better information systems, productivity improvements, inventory (инвентаризация) savings, reductions in returns (возврат, оборот, прибыль), space saving (10—30 per cent), and extra customer service profit. That is, for a warehouse of 80,000 sq. ft, 50 staff, and $100 million sales per annum, and inventory of $40 million, it is possible to save over $2 million per annum from improved methods. The costs of such improvements can be retrieved after just three months.
The logistics aspects of the distribution chain (цепочка) in any organisation relate to the use of information to manage more effectively the functions of transportation, storage, warehousing, and freight forwarding (пересылка груза). The information system has to co-ordinate a distribution network which consists of transportation services between suppliers to factories, factories to storage facilities, ports and warehouses, storage services in the warehouses, transportation services between the warehouses and buyers and linkages between countries. As a result of implementing an efficient information system and computer network, McDonald’s restaurants are able to receive food products from various suppliers, repackage them to meet McDonald’s specifications, and then deliver them to their restaurants throughout the world, and still maintain consistent (соответствующие) standards.
Some companies perform logistics services themselves, but many are contracting these services to specialists who have information systems to offer a package of services — from simple storage and warehousing to a total package or complete service which might include consolidation (объединение) of cargo, transportation, storage and inventory management. Companies within the logistics sector distinguish themselves by the totality of the services they offer. Generally, smaller firms may have less sophisticated
information systems and may only provide services such as warehousing and transportation. Large firms have the resources and economies of larger scale to develop more sophisticated information and computer systems. However, developing a sophisticated and centralized information and mechanized warehouse may not necessary lead to a success.
Certain larger companies choose to rely on more flexible systems, which allow for learning and adaptation.
В. Подберите к словам в колонке А синонимы или близкие по значению слова из колонки В.
А
complex
total
diverse
keep up
profit
very great, enormous
help
totality
В
tremendous
of different kind
sophisticated
assistance
maintain
returns
entirety
complete
Найдите в тексте слова, означающие:
help given to those in need and trouble
skilled, expert
get back, return quickly
spread out over a large area
a problem, difficulty
serious situation, needing action as soon as possible
a/per year
a building for storing goods before distribution
easily changed, adaptable for new needs or conditions
Заполните пропуски словами:
management logistics distribution inventory storage returns transported warehouse
We know (1) ... to be a detailed list of goods, parts, equipment, etc. 2. Small profits and quick (2)... is the motto (девиз) for shops that rely on large sales and quick turnover. 3. In the same way, Toshiba might contract with a (3) ... firm so that television sets and other products could be picked up from the factory, taken
to a (4)... , perhaps repackaged, and then (5)... to stores in other countries. 4. Many companies are interested in improving customer service through better inventory (6)... 5. As a rule, an unproductive (7) ... chain results in a higher total inventory cost.
NAVAIR wants logistics data to be converted to digital form for storage in a «virtual» (8) ... facility — a single set of consolidated databases that could be accessed by sailors aboard ship, support engineers at shore and program managers.
Упражнение 1. А. Назовите 15—20 ключевых слов и словосочетаний на тему «Logistics».
В. Speak about:
Problems logistics deals with.
SUPPLEMENTARY TEXTS
To be read after Text 1
Finding Opportunity in the Global Economy
Bill Gates says today if you had to guess (угадать) somebody’s approximate income (i.e., money you receive) and you were limited to asking one polite question, a good one would be: «What country do you live in?» That is because of the huge difference in average wages (weekly payment for work) from country to country. But a generation from now, if you want to guess someone’s income, a more-telling single question might be: «What’s your education?» «This, at least, is my belief», B. Gates says. Future business opportunity will depend on educational opportunity — for everyone.
Compared to almost anything else in a developed society, the cost of investment in education is low — and the returns are high. Even the poorest of countries can develop better schools. Education is essential because electronic networks and software-driven technologies are beginning to break down the economic barriers between nations. The Internet and the availability of inexpensive, powerful computers are helping spread opportunity to developing nations.
International communication, which is certain to become extraordinary1 cheap in all its forms, will bring suitably educated people from every economic region into the mainstream of the world economy. Well-educated, enterprising individuals with access to information technology will do well no matter where they live.
Nearly a billion people in rural China may find their lives little changed for decades, but tens of millions of the best-educated Chinese could earn more or less what similarly educated people in the United States or Germany do.
As technology breaks down the barriers of distance and national borders, it will be even more important that everybody be given equal educational opportunities. Eventually, being «poor» won’t be much a matter of living in a poor country as it will be a matter of having poor skills.
Assuming you want to develop those skills, what should you study? There are a lot of opportunities in the knowledge-based global economy, and B. Gates is particularly enthusiastic about the business he knows best — software.
Because software is an almost pure expression of logic, the industry is a great field for almost anyone today. Just about every technical and scientific discipline will apply. The business side is equally exciting and challenging2 because the industry is so dynamic. And software jobs are among the highest-paid. It is not a win-lose industry, either. More software development in one region does not mean reduced software development in another. Rather, software development as a whole helps to grow the world economy.
The value and importance of the software industry — and its employees — will continue to grow indefinitely. Software is transforming the workplace in industry after industry, increasing productivity and helping globalize the world economy.
Notes to the Text
unusually
interesting and difficult
To be read after Text 2, 3, 4
Ten Attributes of a Good Employee
Here are 10 of the qualities Bill Gates finds in the «best and brightest» employees the companies should attract and retain.
First, it is important to have a fundamental curiosity1 about the product of your company or group. You have to use the product yourself.
Second, you need a genuine (настоящий, подлинный) interest in discussion with customers about how they use your product, what they like or don’t like in order to know where your company’s product could be better.
Third, once you understand your customer’s needs, you have to enjoy thinking through how this product can make work more interesting.
These first three points are related. Success comes from understanding and caring deeply about your products, your technology and your customers’ needs.
Fourth, you as an individual employee should develop your own skills and those of the people you work with. If maximizing your next bonus2 or salary increase is all that motivates you, you are likely to lose an opportunity to benefit from teamwork3 that creates success in the long term.
Fifth, you need to have specialized knowledge or skills while maintaining a broad perspective. Big companies, in particular, need employees who can learn specialties4 quickly, so a willingness to learn is critical.
Sixth, you have to be flexible enough to take advantage of opportunities that can give you perspective. At Microsoft Co., they try to offer a person lots of different jobs in the course of a career. Anyone interested in joining management is encouraged (поощрять) to work in different customer units, even if it means moving within the organization or relocating to a different part of the world. Microsoft Co. has many employees working for their US subsidiaries in other countries. This helps them better understand world markets.
Seventh, a good employee will want to learn the economics of the business. Why does the company do what it does? What are its business models? How does it make money? And a company, in turn, should educate its employees in the fundamental financial realities of its industry.
Eighth, you must focus on competitors, i.e., you must think about what is going on in the marketplace. What are your company’s competitors doing that is smart5? What can we learn from them? How can we avoid their mistakes?
Ninth, you’ve got to use your head. Analyze problems to understand the implications (скрытый смысл, последствия) of potential tradeoffs6 of all kinds, including the tradeoff between acting sooner with less information and later with more. Use your head in practical ways. Prioritize your time effectively.
Finally, don’t fail to see the obvious essentials, such as being honest, ethical7 and hard working. These attributes are critical and go without saying.
Notes to the Text
strong desire to learn / know about smth.
addition to usual payment
combined effort
special activities, operations, products, etc.
skillful, clever (=quick in learning and understanding things)
compromise, compromising decision, choice
of moral principles