- •И.В. Орловская, ji.C. Самсонова, а.И. Скубриева
- •Предисловие к 4-му изданию
- •Lesson 1
- •Упражнение 10. Прочитайте и переведите интернациональные слова.
- •Lesson 2
- •Lesson 3
- •In the case of — в случае
- •At six o’clock at the laboratory.
- •Two hours later Mr.Wilson and Smith finished eating and left the laboratory.
- •It is difficult to imagine; applications such as; completely; to replace; to come into wide use; to double every ten years; to be an indicator; the latest technological advances.
- •In the case of
- •Revision of lessons 1-3
- •Radar battery generator appliances dynamo transformer
- •Lesson 5
- •1. This means that; this means; it means; new means; this means is. 2. This increase is; this increases; it increases; nothing increases;
- •Its increase. 3. These results; this results in; both results; this result; both result in; it results from.
- •Is there an End to the Computer Race?
- •Lesson 6
- •Revision of lessons 4-6
- •Pixel certain Web stylus chip perform cpu mouse
- •Lesson 7
- •Упражнение 20. Определите, к каким частям речи относятся слова.
- •Lesson 8
- •About... Further description of... Is given. It is pointed out that... As far as I know...
- •In conclusion I’d like to say that...
- •Virtual Laboratory Expands nasa Research
- •Lesson 9
- •If I were free, I should help you. Were I free, I should help you.
- •If he had known about the lecture, he would have come. Had he known about the lecture, he would have come.
- •Revision of lessons 7-9
- •Lesson 10
- •Упражнение 13. Определите части речи по суффиксам и префиксам.
- •I Want to Read Faster
- •In what situations can fast reading be useful in your opinion?
- •Introducing oneself Questions
- •Lesson 11
- •Lesson 12
- •Упражнение 13. Определите, к каким частям речи относятся слова.
- •Revision of lessons 10-12
- •Supplementary texts
- •Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea
- •Краткий поурочный грамматический справочник
- •§ 1. Глагол to be
- •§ 2. Глагол то have
- •§ 4. Личные и притяжательные местоимения (Personal and Possessive Pronouns)
- •§ 5. Времена группы Simple Active
- •The Present Simple Tense (Настоящее неопределенное время)
- •The Past Simple Tense (Прошедшее неопределенное время)
- •The Future Simple Tense (Будущее неопределенное время)
- •§ Б. Порядок слов в утвердительном, вопросительном и отрицательном предложениях
- •§ 7. Основные формы глаголов
- •§ 8. Страдательный залог (The Passive Voice)
- •§ 9. Особенности перевода пассивной конструкции
- •§ 10. Предлог (The Preposition)
- •I don’t know what problems я не знаю, с каких проблем
- •§ 11. Времена группы Continuous
- •§ 12. Функции и перевод it
- •§ 13. Функции и перевод one
- •§ 14. Функции и перевод that That может быть:
- •§ 15. Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий (Comparison Degrees of Adjectives and Adverbs)
- •§ 16. Времена группы Perfect
- •The Perfect (Active)
- •I shall not have written wej
- •I have met him today. Я встретил его сегодня.
- •I shall have done all my work by к семи часам я уже сделаю всю
- •§ 17. Соответствие английских временных форм временным формам глагола в русском языке
- •§18. Сводная таблица образования и упот
- •§ 19. Согласование времен (Sequence of Tenses)
- •§ 20. Согласование времен
- •§21. Дополнение (The Object)
- •§ 22. Определение (The Attribute)
- •Illustrated journal
- •§ 23. Неопределенные местоимения some, any, no, every и их производные
- •§ 24. Модальные глаголы (The Modal Verbs)
- •§ 25. Функции глагола to be
- •§ 26. Функции глагола to have
- •§ 27. Причастие (The Participle)
- •§ 28. Функции причастия в предложении. Основные способы перевода
- •Сопоставление перевода причастий в функции определения и обстоятельства
- •§ 29. Независимый причастный оборот
- •§ 30. Герундий (The Gerund)
- •Формы герундия
- •Функции герундия
- •Герундиальный оборот
- •Функции герундия и причастия
- •§ 31. Условные придаточные предложения (Conditional Sentences)
- •§ 32. Инфинитив (The Infinitive)
- •Формы инфинитива
- •I am glad to be helped. Я рад, что мне помогают.
- •I am glad to have been helped. Я рад, что мне помогли. Функции инфинитива
- •§ 33. Инфинитивный оборот с предлогом for
- •§ 34. Инфинитив как часть сложного дополнения (The Complex Object)
- •We know Professor у. (him) to Мы знаем, что профессор в.
- •§ 35. Инфинитив как часть сложного подлежащего (The Complex Subject)
- •§ 36. Сослагательное наклонение (The Subjunctive Mood)
- •§ 37. Употребление различных форм сослагательного наклонения
- •If he hadn’t phoned her, she Если бы он не позвонил ей, она wouldn’t have come. Бы не пришла.
- •§ 38. Особенности страдательного залога
- •Damage ['daemicfc] п повреждение
- •Dangerous ['deincfcros] а опасный
- •Day [dei] n день; - before yesterday
- •Deal (dealt) [dill, delt] V (with)
- •Defend [di'fend] n защищать(ся)
- •V летать; - up взлететь
- •V ходить, ездить; - away уходить;
- •Idea [ai'dio] n мысль, представление
- •Quantity ['kwontiti] п количество
- •Radiation [/eidi'eijan] п радиация
- •Safety ['seifti] n безопасность;
- •Vacation [vo'keijon] n каникулы
- •Water ['wo:to] п вода; а водный;
- •Дополнительные материалы для факультета «инженерный бизнес и менеджмент»
- •Money as a Unit of Account
- •Терминологический словарь
- •Division [di'vi3an] n подразделение
- •Encourage [т'клгссЭд V поощрять
- •Income ['тклт] п доход insurance [in'Juarans] п страхование
- •Value ['vaelju:] п стоимость, цена
- •Vital [Vaitl] я жизненно важный, крайне необходимый
- •Дополнительные материалы для специальности «юриспруденция»
- •Терминологический словарь
- •Abolish [a'bolij] V аннулировать;
- •Accused [a'kju:zd] n обвиняемый
- •Impartial [im'pa:Jel] а беспристрастный, справедливый
- •Victim ['viktim] п жертва; пострадавший
- •Основные значения и примеры употребления некоторых предлогов
- •Предлоги, наречия и союзы, совпадающие по форме
- •Список сокращений, встречающихся в технической литературе
- •Список наиболее употребительных математических знаков
- •A few examples of reading mathematical expressions
- •Improper fractions
- •Отпечатано с готовых диапозитивов Издательской группой “Логос” на базе ооо “Печатный Дом “Современник’ 105318, г. Москва, Измайловское шоссе, 4. 445043, г. Тольятти, Южное шоссе, 30.
- •Isbn 5-7038-2599-7
- •1. Time to disintegrate
Revision of lessons 10-12
Упражнение 1. Повторите инфинитив, инфинитивные конструкции, сослагательное наклонение и особенности пассивного залога. Переведите предложения.
1. The Internet is a great place to find and hear hit songs, movies and recorded interviews. 2. It is imperative that the experiment begin at once. 3. If I were you, I should stop the experiment. 4. He wished he were a cosmonaut. 5. A new car model was much spoken about. 6. Nobody saw the professor enter the laboratory. 7. It seems to be an interesting comparison. 8. His experience in the field of materials science can be relied upon. 9. This theory is hard to prove. 10. The new discovery was often referred to. 11. We expect this book to appear in bookshops very soon. 12. Scientists appear to know very little of this phenomenon yet. 13. The main problem is for the report to be published as soon as possible. 14. Materials to be brought back to Earth from space laboratories will have some stable properties. 15. It is unusual for a program to work correctly the first time it is tested. 16. Some experiments on the ISS could result in the development of clocks a thousand times more accurate than today’s atomic clocks. 17. There are all kinds of life-supporting equipment aboard a spacecraft as it is essential that cosmonauts should feel themselves as comfortable as possible. 18. Lasers are supposed to be able to solve a number of very complicated problems connected with medicine. 19. One of the most important requirements for hypersonic craft is a sophisticated cooling system lest extreme temperatures should destroy the craft. 20. Educational system suggested by William Rodgers, the founder of MIT, proved to be very effective and to give a sound command of the basic principles of science and technology. 21. People always wished that there were a device that could vaporize the hardest and the most heat-resistant material. 22. A number of important innovations such as reducing the weight of airplanes and spacecrafts would have been impossible unless composite materials had been developed. 23. Scientists discovered superconductors to possess thermal, electric and magnetic properties quite different from the non-conducting materials. 24. The cost of electricity generation has been influenced by the development of electromagnets made with superconductors. 25. To produce the superconductive effect, a Dutch physicist cooled a mercury wire below a temperature of —269 °C. 26. We know optical disks to store much more information than a plastic disk of the same size. 27. Laser was dreamt of by mankind for centuries. 28. The applications of laser in industry and science are known to be numerous and varied. 29. The appearance of laser was followed by the fabrication of ultrathin silicon fibers capable of servicing as lightweight conductors. 30. Some metals and glasses to be cooled down to the point of solidification in space can be brought back to Earth.
Упражнение 2. Прочитайте и переведите текст, обращая внимание на инфинитивные конструкции.
Programming Languages
The only language computers can understand directly is called machine code. It is known to consist of the Is and Os (binary code) that are processed by the CPU. However, machine code as a means of communication is very difficult to write. That is why it is necessary to use symbolic languages that are easier to understand. Then, by using a special program, these languages can be translated into machine code.
Basic languages, in which the program is similar to the machine code version, are known as low-level languages. In these languages, each instruction is equivalent to a single machine code instruction, and the program is converted into machine code by a special program called an assembler. These languages are considered to be still quite complex and restricted to particular computers.
To make the program easier to write and to overcome the problem of intercommunication between different types of machines, higher-level languages were developed such as BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN, Pascal, Ada, С and others. A higher-level language is a problem oriented programming language, whereas a low-level language is machine oriented. This means that a high-level language is a convenient and simple means of describing the information structures and sequences of actions to be performed for a particular task.
A high-level language is independent of the architecture of the computer which supports it. This has two advantages. Firstly, the person writing the program does not have to know anything about the computer the program will be run on. Secondly, programs are portable, that is, the same program can (in theory) be run on different types of computer. Programs written in one of these languages should be converted by means of a compiler into a lower-level language or machine code so that the CPU could understand it.
С, a high-level programming language, seems to be very popular today because it is small, so it is not too hard to learn, it is very efficient and portable so one can use it with all kinds of computers. A lot of software engineers use С to write commercial applications programs for mini, micro and personal computers. There are also various versions of С — C++ and Objective C, which represent a new style of programming.
At present there is a tendency towards an even higher level of programming languages, which might be called specification languages, and an increasing use of software development tools.
People communicate instructions to the computer in symbolic languages and the easier this communication can be made, the wider the application of computers will be. Scientists are reported to be already working on Artificial Intelligence and the next generation of computers may be able to understand human languages.
Упражнение 3. А. Прочитайте текст упражнения 2 и заполните пропуски словами.
programming compiler programmed program assembler language programmers portable low-level machine code
A computer ... is a set of instructions that tells the computer what to do. 2. Converting an algorithm into a sequence of instructions in a programming language is called ... . 3. Most computer ... make a plan of the program before writing it. 4. Coding is the translation of the logical steps into a programming ... . 5. In the next century computers will be ... in natural languages like English or French. 6. A ... is a special program that converts a program written in a high-level language into a program written in a lower level language. 7. It is difficult to use ... ... , which is the only language understood by the processor. 8. A special program called ... converts a program written in a low-level language into machine code. 9. If the same program can be used for different computers, it is called ... . 10. In a ... language each instruction has a corresponding machine code equivalent.
Speak about:
The new programming language you have heard of or read about.