List of Tables

3.1. Major wartime and post-war foreign loans of US government 98

4.1. Principal acts of European decolonization 1945-1980 117

4.2. Cold war crises 124

4.3. Revolutionary upheavals in the 'Third World', 1974-1980 126

4.4. Second World War estimated casualties 129

4.5. The nuclear technology race 130

4.6. The Arms Race: American and Soviet nuclear bombs and warheads 1945-1990 131

4.7. Principal arms control and disarmament agreements 83 132

6.1. A taxonomy of realisms 175

15.1. The three levels of UN consultative status for NGOs

15.2. The variety of political actors involved in different policy domains

22.1. The growth of global commerce: some indicators

23.1. Annual average rates of growth of per capita GDP of individual developing countries, 1960-1989

23.2. Global income distribution, 1960-1990

23.3. Landless and near-landless agricultural households, selected countries and Africa, mid-1970s to mid-1980s

23.4. World population growth, 1950-1990, with projections to 2030

23.5. Population growth, 1950-1990, with projections to 2030, for the most populous countries

23.6. Annual per capita grain use and consumption of livestock products in selected countries, 1990

25.1. Gender disparity—GEM, GDI, and HDI rankings

About the Contributors

John Baylis is a Professor in the Department of International Politics, University of Wales, Aberystwyth. His latest publications include: Dilemmas of World Politics, ed. with N. J. Rengger (Oxford University Press, 1992), The Diplomacy of Pragmatism: Britain and the Formation of NATO (Macmillan, 1993), and Ambiguity and Deterrence: British Nuclear Strategy 1945-1964 (Oxford University Press, 1995).

Chris Brown is Professor of Politics at the University of Southampton. He is author of International Relations Theory: New Normative Approaches (Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1992), editor of Political Restructuring in Europe (Routledge, 1994), and has written numerous articles on international political theory. His next book Understanding International Relations is to be published by Macmillan in 1997.

Fiona Butler is Jean Monnet Lecturer in European Integration in the Department of International Politics, University of Wales, Aberystwyth. Her latest publications include: with Clive Archer The European Union: Structure and Process (Pinter, 2nd edn., 1996), 'Political Community in Integration Theories: A Blind Alley?' in Politics 16(1) 1996, and 'The EC's Common Agricultural Policy', in Juliet Lodge (ed.), The EC and the Challenge of the Future (Pinter, 2nd edn., 1993).

Susan L. Carruthers is a Lecturer in the Department of International Politics, University of Wales, Aberystwyth. She is an international historian who specializes in the media, and who is the author of Winning Hearts and Minds: British Governments and Colonial Counterinsurgency, 1944-60 (Leicester University Press, 1995), and co-editor of War, Culture and the Media (Flick Books, 1996). She is currently writing a vol­ume entitled The Media at War.

Richard Crockatt is Senior Lecturer in American History at the University of East Anglia where he also teaches international relations. He is author of The Fifty Years War: The United States and the Soviet Union in World Politics, 1941-1991 (Routledge, 1995), and editor of British Documents on Foreign Affairs, 1940-1945 (University Publications of America, forthcoming).

Timothy Dunne is a Lecturer in International Politics at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth. He has published a number of articles on international society, including 'The Social Construction of International Society', The European Journal of International Relations 1(3) 1995: 367-89. His forthcoming book, to be pub­lished by Macmillan, is Inventing International Society: A History of the English School (London: St Antony's/Macmillan, forthcoming 1998).

Owen Greene is Senior Lecturer in International Relations and Security Studies at the Department of Peace Studies, Bradford University. He trained in mathematics and physics, and researched in theoretical physics for several years before turning to international relations. He is author or co-author of nine books and over 100 other research works on international environmental issues and international security problems. His recent work has focused on the development, implementation, and effectiveness of international regimes, particularly in the areas of climate change, ozone depletion, regional sea pollution, and the significance of monitoring, trans­parency, and review processes.

Fred Halliday is Professor of International Relations at the London School of Economics. His books include Rethinking International Relations (Macmillan, 1994) and Islam and the Myth of Confrontation (I. B. Tauris, 1996).

Steve Hobden is a Lecturer in the Department of International Politics, University of Wales, Aberystwyth. He has just completed a research project looking at the rela­tionships between historical sociology and international relations. He teaches in the areas of international political theory, the United Nations, and Latin America.

Darryl Howlett is a Lecturer in International Relations in the Department of Politics at the University of Southampton. His most recent works include: 'The 1995 NPT Review and Extension conference: Assessment and Implications', in Vicente Garrido, Antonio Marquina, and Harald Muller (eds.), The Implication of 1995 NPT Review and Extension conference: A Spanish point of view (Complutense University, 1996), and CD-ROM 'The Cold War Years: 1945-1996' (forthcoming).

Robert H. Jackson is a Professor at the University of British Columbia. He studies nor­mative issues in world politics. His publications include Quasi-States (Cambridge University Press, 1990) and States in a Changing World, ed. with A. James (Clarendon Press, 1993). He is completing a book entitled The Global Covenant: Power and Responsibility in World Politics.

Richard Wyn Jones is a Lecturer in International Politics at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth where he has special responsibility for teaching through the medium of the Welsh language. He has published a number of articles on Critical Security Studies and on various aspects of radical political thought.

Richard Little is Professor in the Department of International Politics, at the University of Bristol. He is currently working with Barry Buzan on a book which will establish a framework for examining historical transformations in the international systems. His most recent book, jointly authored, is The Logic of Anarchy: Neorealism to Structural Realism (Columbia University Press, 1993).

Simon Murden is a Lecturer in the Department of International Politics, University of Wales, Aberystwyth. He specializes in the Middle East, with particular regard to issues of political economy and of strategy. He is the author of Emergent Regional Powers and International Relations in the Gulf, 1988-1991 (Ithaca Press, 1995) and is currently doing research on Iraq since the Gulf War, and the cultural impact of mar­ket economics in the Middle East.

Jan Jindy Pettman is Reader, and Director of the Centre for Women's Studies at the Australian National University. She writes especially on gender issues, globalization and the politics of identity. Her most recent book is Worlding Women: A Feminist International Politics (Routledge, 1996).

Jan Aart Scholte is a Senior Lecturer in International Relations at the University of Sussex. His chief publications include International Relations of Social Change (Open University Press, 1993) and Globalisation: A Critical Introduction (Macmillan, forth­coming). His current research explores the role of transborder social movements in global economic governance.

Len Scott is a Lecturer in the Department of International Politics, University of Wales, Aberystwyth. He works in the fields of international history and security studies, and is author of Conscription and the Attlee Governments: The Politics and Policy of National Service 1945-51 (Oxford University Press, 1993). He is currently completing two books, on Britain and the Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 and (with Stephen Twigge) The Command and Control of British Nuclear Weapons 1945-1964.

Steve Smith is Professor in the Department of International Politics, University of Wales, Aberystwyth. He specializes in international political theory. His latest pub­lications include International Relations Theory Today, edited with Ken Booth (Polity Press, 1995) and International Theory: Positivism and Beyond, ed. with Ken Booth and Marysia Zalewski (Cambridge University Press, 1996).

Paul Taylor is Professor of International Relations at the London School of Economics, where he specializes in international organization, particularly the eco­nomic and social arrangements of the United Nations and the politics of the insti­tutions of the European Union. Most recently he has published International Organization in the Modem World (Pinter, 1993) and The European Union in the 1990s (Oxford University Press, 1996). He has edited and contributed to a number of books on international organization with A. J. R. Groom, and since June 1994 has been editor of the Review of International Studies.

Caroline Thomas is a Reader in Politics at the University of Southampton. She has a special interest in the South in International Relations. Her latest publications include (with P. Wilkin) Globalisation and the South (Macmillan, 1997), and (ed.) Rio: Unravelling the Consequences (Frank Cass, 1994).

Roger Tooze is a Reader in the Department of International Politics, University of Wales, Aberystwyth. His latest publications include Technology, Culture and Competitiveness (Routledge, 1997) and he is currently working on a book exploring the theorization of international political economy.

Nicholas J. Wheeler is a Lecturer in the Department of International Politics at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth. He is the author of 'Guardian Angel or Global Gangster: a Review of the Ethical Claims of International Society', Political Studies, 44 (1) (March 1996) and 'Agency, Humanitarianism and Intervention', in B. Parekh (ed.), Humanitarian Intervention (special issue of the International Political Science Review, January 1997).

Brian White is Professor of International Relations and Head of the Department of International Relations and Politics at Staffordshire University. He is the author of Britain, Detente and Changing East-West Relations (Routledge, 1992). He also co-edited and contributed to British Foreign Policy: Tradition, Change and Transformation (Unwin Hyman, 1988), Understanding Foreign Policy: The Foreign Policy Systems Approach (Elgar, 1989), and Issues in World Politics (Macmillan, 1997).

Peter Willetts is Reader in International Relations at City University. He has written extensively on international organizations, including editing two books on NGOs, Pressure Groups in the Global System (Pinter, 1982) and 'The Conscience of the World': The Influence of Non-Governmental Organizations in the UN System (Hurst, 1996).