- •The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations Edited by John Baylis and Steve Smith
- •Editor's Preface
- •Key Features of the Book
- •Contents
- •Detailed Contents
- •13. Diplomacy
- •14. The United Nations and International Organization
- •List of Figures
- •List of Boxes
- •List of Tables
- •About the Contributors
- •Introduction
- •From International Politics to World Politics
- •Theories of World Politics
- •Realism and World Politics
- •Liberalism and World Politics
- •World-System Theory and World Politics
- •The Three Theories and Globalization
- •Globalization and its Precursors
- •Globalization: Myth or Reality?
- •Chapter 1. The Globalization of World Politics
- •Reader's guide
- •Introduction: a Globalizing World
- •Globalization: a Definition
- •Aspects of Globalization
- •Historical Origins
- •Qualifications
- •Key Points
- •Globalization and the States-System
- •The Westphalian Order
- •The End of History
- •The End of Sovereignty
- •The Persistence of the State
- •Key Points
- •Post-Sovereign Governance
- •Substate Global Governance
- •Suprastate Global Governance
- •Marketized Global Governance
- •Global Social Movements
- •Key Points
- •The Challenge of Global Democracy
- •Globalization and the Democratic State
- •Global Governance Agencies and Democracy
- •Global Market Democracy?
- •Global Social Movements and Democracy
- •Key Points
- •Conclusion
- •Questions
- •Guide to further reading
- •Chapter 2. The Evolution of International Society
- •Reader's guide
- •Origins and Definitions
- •Key Points
- •Ancient Greece and Renaissance Italy
- •Key Points
- •European International Society
- •Key Points
- •The Globalization of International Society
- •Key Points
- •Problems of Global International Society
- •Key Points
- •Questions
- •Guide to further reading
- •Chapter 3. International history 1900-1945
- •Reader's guide
- •Introduction
- •The origins of World War One
- •Germany's bid for world power status
- •The 'Eastern Question'
- •Key points
- •Peace-making, 1919: the Versailles settlement Post-war problems
- •President Wilson's 'Fourteen Points'
- •Self-determination: the creation of new states
- •The future of Germany
- •'War guilt' and reparations
- •Key points
- •The global economic slump, 1929-1933
- •Key points
- •The origins of World War Two in Asia and the Pacific
- •Japan and the 'Meiji Restoration'
- •Japanese expansion in China
- •The Manchurian crisis and after
- •Key points
- •The path to war in Europe
- •The controversy over the origins of the Second World War
- •The rise of fascism and Nazism in Europe
- •From appeasement to war
- •Key points
- •Conclusion
- •Questions
- •Guide to further reading General
- •World War I and after
- •World War II
- •Chapter 4. International history 1945-1990
- •Introduction
- •End of empire
- •Key points
- •The cold war
- •1945-1953: Onset of the cold war
- •1953-1969: Conflict, confrontation, and compromise
- •1969-1979: The rise and fall of detente
- •1979-86: 'The second cold war'
- •The bomb
- •Conclusion
- •General
- •The cold war
- •The bomb
- •Decolonization
- •Richard Crockatt
- •Introduction
- •Key points
- •Internal factors: the collapse of communism in the Soviet Union Structural problems in the Soviet system
- •The collapse of the Soviet empire
- •Economic restructuring
- •Key points
- •The collapse of communism in Eastern Europe
- •The legacy of protest in Eastern Europe
- •Gorbachev and the end of the Brezhnev doctrine
- •Key points
- •External factors: relations with the United States Debate about us policy and the end of the cold war
- •Key points
- •The interaction between internal and external environments
- •Isolation of the communist system from the global capitalist system
- •Key points
- •Conclusion
- •Key points
- •Chapter 6. Realism
- •Introduction: the timeless wisdom of Realism
- •Reader's guide
- •Introduction: the timeless wisdom of Realism
- •Key points
- •One Realism, or many?
- •Key points
- •The essential Realism
- •Statism
- •Survival
- •Self-help
- •Key points
- •Conclusion: Realism and the globalization of world politics
- •Questions
- •Guide to further reading
- •Chapter 7. World-System Theory
- •Introduction
- •Reader's guide
- •Introduction
- •Key Points
- •The Origins of World-System Theory
- •Key Points
- •Wallerstein and World-System Theory
- •Key Points
- •The Modern World-System in Space and Time
- •Key Points
- •Politics in the Modern World-System: The Sources of Stability
- •States and the Interstate System
- •Core-States—Hegemonic Leadership and Military Force
- •Semi-peripheral States—Making the World Safe for Capitalism
- •Peripheral States—At home with the Comprador Class
- •Geoculture
- •Key Points
- •Crisis in the Modern World-System
- •The Economic Sources of Crisis
- •The Political Sources of Crisis
- •The Geocultural Sources of Crisis
- •The Crisis and the Future: Socialism or Barbarism?
- •Key Points
- •World-System Theory and Globalization
- •Key Points
- •Questions
- •A guide to further reading
- •Chapter 8. Liberalism
- •Introduction
- •Varieties of Liberalism
- •Reader's guide
- •Introduction
- •Key points
- •Varieties of Liberalism
- •Liberal internationalism
- •Idealism
- •Liberal institutionalism
- •Key points
- •Three liberal responses to globalization
- •Key points
- •Conclusion and postscript: the crisis of Liberalism
- •Questions
- •Guide to further reading
- •Chapter 9. New Approaches to International Theory
- •Reader's guide
- •Introduction
- •Key Points
- •Explanatory/Constitutive Theories and Foundational/Anti-Foundational Theories
- •Key Points
- •Rationalist Theories: The Neo-Realist/Neo-Liberal Debate
- •Key Points
- •Reflectivist Theories
- •Normative Theory
- •Key Points
- •Feminist Theory
- •Key Points
- •Critical Theory
- •Key Points
- •Historical Sociology
- •Key Points
- •Post-Modernism
- •Key Points
- •Bridging the Gap: Social Constructivism
- •Key Points
- •Conclusion
- •Questions
- •Guide to further reading
- •Chapter 10.International Security in the Post-Cold War Era
- •Introduction
- •What is meant by the concept of security?
- •The traditional approach to national security
- •The 'security dilemma'
- •The difficulties of co-operation between states
- •The problem of cheating
- •The problem of relative-gains
- •The opportunities for co-operation between states 'Contingent realism'
- •Key points
- •Mature anarchy
- •Key points
- •Liberal institutionalism
- •Key points
- •Democratic peace theory
- •Key points
- •Ideas of collective security
- •Key points
- •Alternative views on international and global security 'Social constructivist' theory
- •Key points
- •'Critical security' theorists and 'feminist' approaches
- •Key points
- •Post-modernist views
- •Key points
- •Globalist views of international security
- •Key points
- •The continuing tensions between national, international, and global security
- •Conclusions
- •Questions
- •Guide to further reading
- •Web links
- •Chapter 11. International Political Economy in an Age of Globalization
- •Reader's guide
- •Introduction: The Significance of ipe for Globalized International Relations
- •What is ipe? Terms, Labels, and Interpretations
- •Ipe and the issues of ir
- •Key Points
- •Words and Politics
- •Key Points
- •Thinking about ipe, ir, and Globalization States and the International Economy
- •The Core Question
- •What is 'International' and what is 'Global'
- •Key Points
- •What Kind of World have We made? 'International' or 'Global'?
- •Global Capital Flows
- •International Production and the Transnational Corporation
- •'Domestic' and 'International'
- •The Ideological Basis of the World Economy
- •Key Points
- •Conclusions: 'So what?'
- •Questions
- •Guide to further reading
- •Chapter 12. International Regimes
- •Introduction
- •Reader's guide
- •Introduction
- •Key Points
- •The Nature of Regimes
- •Conceptualizing Regimes
- •Defining Regimes
- •Classifying Regimes
- •Globalization and International Regimes
- •Security Regimes
- •Environmental Regimes
- •Communication Regimes
- •Economic Regimes
- •Key Points
- •Competing Theories: 1. The Liberal Institutional Approach
- •Impediments to Regime Formation
- •The Facilitation of Regime Formation
- •Competing Theories: 2. The Realist Approach
- •Power and Regimes
- •Regimes and Co-ordination
- •Key Points
- •Conclusion
- •Questions
- •Guide to further reading
Historical Origins
It is hard to determine a specific moment when globalization started. Periodization is always imprecise and contentious, largely because change and continuity are invariably intertwined. History shows no obvious and exact watersheds on which everyone will agree. Researchers have variously dated the onset of globalization from the dawn of human civilization (e.g. Gamble 1994), or from the start of the modern era (e.g. Modelski 1988), or from the middle of the nineteenth century (e.g. Robertson 1992), or from the late 1950s (e.g. Rosenau 1990), or from the 1970s (e.g. Harvey 1989). However, if we conceive of globalization as the rise of supraterritoriality, then its chronology lies in a combination of the Robertson and Rosenau positions. (See Box 1.2 for a chronology of some major events in the development of globalization.)
Box 1.2. Some Key Events in the History of Globalization 1866 first permanent transoceanic telegraph cable comes into service 1865 creation of the first global regulatory agency (the International Telegraph Union) 1884 introduction of worldwide co-ordination of clocks (in relation to Greenwich Mean Time) 1891 first transborder telephone calls (between London and Paris) 1919 initiation of the first scheduled transborder airline services 1929 institution of the first offshore finance arrangements (in Luxembourg)* 1930 first global radio broadcast (the speech of George V opening the London Naval Conference, relayed simultaneously to 242 stations across six continents) 1946 construction of the first digital computer 1949 introduction of package holidays sets the stage for large-scale global tourism 1954 establishment of the first export processing zone (in Ireland) 1954 launch of the 'Marlboro cowboy' 1955 first McDonald's restaurant 1956 first transoceanic telephone cable link 1957 advent of intercontinental ballistic missiles 1957 issuance of the first euro currency loan (by a Soviet bank, in US dollars, on the London market)* 1960 Marshall McLuhan coins the phrase 'global village' 1962 launch of the first communications satellite 1963 introduction of direct dialing of transborder telephone calls 1963 issuance of the first eurobond (by a borrower in Italy, in US dollars, on the London market)* 1966 first photographs of planet Earth from outer space 1969 construction of the first wide-body passenger jet (the Boeing 747) 1969 creation of the first large-scale computer network 1971 establishment of the first wholly electronic stock exchange (the US-based NASDAQ system) 1972 first global issue conference (the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment) 1974 US Government eliminates foreign exchange controls (other states follow in later years) 1976 launch of the first direct broadcast satellite (i.e. transmitting to rooftop dishes) 1977 first commercial use of fibre-optic cables, vastly increasing capacities of telecommunications 1977 creation of the SWIFT system for electronic interbank fund transfers worldwide 1987 appearance of a near-complete 'ozone hole' over Antarctica raises global ecological awareness 1987 stock-market crash on Wall Street spreads world-wide overnight 1991 introduction of the World Wide Web 1997 completion of a continuous round-the-world fibre-optic cable link
* The terms 'offshore', 'eurocurrencies', and 'eurobonds' are further clarified in Chapter 22 on Global Trade and Finance |
Robertson is right that early signs of globalization appeared scores of years ago, although to a much smaller extent and at a far slower pace. For example, telegraphic communication commenced in the 1840s. Several global social movements (e.g. feminism) and regulatory bodies (e.g. the Universal Postal Union) emerged later in the nineteenth century. Intercontinental short-wave radio programmes multiplied in the 1920s. Intergovernmental meetings on transboundary pollution were held as early as the 1930s.
On the other hand, globalization did not figure continually, comprehensively, intensely, and with rapidly increasing frequency in the lives of a large proportion of humanity until around the 1960s. indeed, almost all of the illustrations of globalization given earlier relate only to the second half of the twentieth century, and not before. Worldwide direct dialing was not available before the 1980s, for example. It is only since the 1960s that the world has acquired most of the 1990s figures of 830 million television receivers, 40,000 transnational corporations, several thousand operational satellites, 15,000 transborder citizens associations, US$ 1,230 billion in foreign exchange transactions every day, over a billion commercial airline passengers per year, various global ecological problems, and metaphors of a global village. Fully-fledged globalization—a process with such weight that it requires us to make fundamental adjustments to our understanding of world politics—is a fairly new development.