- •The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations Edited by John Baylis and Steve Smith
- •Editor's Preface
- •Key Features of the Book
- •Contents
- •Detailed Contents
- •13. Diplomacy
- •14. The United Nations and International Organization
- •List of Figures
- •List of Boxes
- •List of Tables
- •About the Contributors
- •Introduction
- •From International Politics to World Politics
- •Theories of World Politics
- •Realism and World Politics
- •Liberalism and World Politics
- •World-System Theory and World Politics
- •The Three Theories and Globalization
- •Globalization and its Precursors
- •Globalization: Myth or Reality?
- •Chapter 1. The Globalization of World Politics
- •Reader's guide
- •Introduction: a Globalizing World
- •Globalization: a Definition
- •Aspects of Globalization
- •Historical Origins
- •Qualifications
- •Key Points
- •Globalization and the States-System
- •The Westphalian Order
- •The End of History
- •The End of Sovereignty
- •The Persistence of the State
- •Key Points
- •Post-Sovereign Governance
- •Substate Global Governance
- •Suprastate Global Governance
- •Marketized Global Governance
- •Global Social Movements
- •Key Points
- •The Challenge of Global Democracy
- •Globalization and the Democratic State
- •Global Governance Agencies and Democracy
- •Global Market Democracy?
- •Global Social Movements and Democracy
- •Key Points
- •Conclusion
- •Questions
- •Guide to further reading
- •Chapter 2. The Evolution of International Society
- •Reader's guide
- •Origins and Definitions
- •Key Points
- •Ancient Greece and Renaissance Italy
- •Key Points
- •European International Society
- •Key Points
- •The Globalization of International Society
- •Key Points
- •Problems of Global International Society
- •Key Points
- •Questions
- •Guide to further reading
- •Chapter 3. International history 1900-1945
- •Reader's guide
- •Introduction
- •The origins of World War One
- •Germany's bid for world power status
- •The 'Eastern Question'
- •Key points
- •Peace-making, 1919: the Versailles settlement Post-war problems
- •President Wilson's 'Fourteen Points'
- •Self-determination: the creation of new states
- •The future of Germany
- •'War guilt' and reparations
- •Key points
- •The global economic slump, 1929-1933
- •Key points
- •The origins of World War Two in Asia and the Pacific
- •Japan and the 'Meiji Restoration'
- •Japanese expansion in China
- •The Manchurian crisis and after
- •Key points
- •The path to war in Europe
- •The controversy over the origins of the Second World War
- •The rise of fascism and Nazism in Europe
- •From appeasement to war
- •Key points
- •Conclusion
- •Questions
- •Guide to further reading General
- •World War I and after
- •World War II
- •Chapter 4. International history 1945-1990
- •Introduction
- •End of empire
- •Key points
- •The cold war
- •1945-1953: Onset of the cold war
- •1953-1969: Conflict, confrontation, and compromise
- •1969-1979: The rise and fall of detente
- •1979-86: 'The second cold war'
- •The bomb
- •Conclusion
- •General
- •The cold war
- •The bomb
- •Decolonization
- •Richard Crockatt
- •Introduction
- •Key points
- •Internal factors: the collapse of communism in the Soviet Union Structural problems in the Soviet system
- •The collapse of the Soviet empire
- •Economic restructuring
- •Key points
- •The collapse of communism in Eastern Europe
- •The legacy of protest in Eastern Europe
- •Gorbachev and the end of the Brezhnev doctrine
- •Key points
- •External factors: relations with the United States Debate about us policy and the end of the cold war
- •Key points
- •The interaction between internal and external environments
- •Isolation of the communist system from the global capitalist system
- •Key points
- •Conclusion
- •Key points
- •Chapter 6. Realism
- •Introduction: the timeless wisdom of Realism
- •Reader's guide
- •Introduction: the timeless wisdom of Realism
- •Key points
- •One Realism, or many?
- •Key points
- •The essential Realism
- •Statism
- •Survival
- •Self-help
- •Key points
- •Conclusion: Realism and the globalization of world politics
- •Questions
- •Guide to further reading
- •Chapter 7. World-System Theory
- •Introduction
- •Reader's guide
- •Introduction
- •Key Points
- •The Origins of World-System Theory
- •Key Points
- •Wallerstein and World-System Theory
- •Key Points
- •The Modern World-System in Space and Time
- •Key Points
- •Politics in the Modern World-System: The Sources of Stability
- •States and the Interstate System
- •Core-States—Hegemonic Leadership and Military Force
- •Semi-peripheral States—Making the World Safe for Capitalism
- •Peripheral States—At home with the Comprador Class
- •Geoculture
- •Key Points
- •Crisis in the Modern World-System
- •The Economic Sources of Crisis
- •The Political Sources of Crisis
- •The Geocultural Sources of Crisis
- •The Crisis and the Future: Socialism or Barbarism?
- •Key Points
- •World-System Theory and Globalization
- •Key Points
- •Questions
- •A guide to further reading
- •Chapter 8. Liberalism
- •Introduction
- •Varieties of Liberalism
- •Reader's guide
- •Introduction
- •Key points
- •Varieties of Liberalism
- •Liberal internationalism
- •Idealism
- •Liberal institutionalism
- •Key points
- •Three liberal responses to globalization
- •Key points
- •Conclusion and postscript: the crisis of Liberalism
- •Questions
- •Guide to further reading
- •Chapter 9. New Approaches to International Theory
- •Reader's guide
- •Introduction
- •Key Points
- •Explanatory/Constitutive Theories and Foundational/Anti-Foundational Theories
- •Key Points
- •Rationalist Theories: The Neo-Realist/Neo-Liberal Debate
- •Key Points
- •Reflectivist Theories
- •Normative Theory
- •Key Points
- •Feminist Theory
- •Key Points
- •Critical Theory
- •Key Points
- •Historical Sociology
- •Key Points
- •Post-Modernism
- •Key Points
- •Bridging the Gap: Social Constructivism
- •Key Points
- •Conclusion
- •Questions
- •Guide to further reading
- •Chapter 10.International Security in the Post-Cold War Era
- •Introduction
- •What is meant by the concept of security?
- •The traditional approach to national security
- •The 'security dilemma'
- •The difficulties of co-operation between states
- •The problem of cheating
- •The problem of relative-gains
- •The opportunities for co-operation between states 'Contingent realism'
- •Key points
- •Mature anarchy
- •Key points
- •Liberal institutionalism
- •Key points
- •Democratic peace theory
- •Key points
- •Ideas of collective security
- •Key points
- •Alternative views on international and global security 'Social constructivist' theory
- •Key points
- •'Critical security' theorists and 'feminist' approaches
- •Key points
- •Post-modernist views
- •Key points
- •Globalist views of international security
- •Key points
- •The continuing tensions between national, international, and global security
- •Conclusions
- •Questions
- •Guide to further reading
- •Web links
- •Chapter 11. International Political Economy in an Age of Globalization
- •Reader's guide
- •Introduction: The Significance of ipe for Globalized International Relations
- •What is ipe? Terms, Labels, and Interpretations
- •Ipe and the issues of ir
- •Key Points
- •Words and Politics
- •Key Points
- •Thinking about ipe, ir, and Globalization States and the International Economy
- •The Core Question
- •What is 'International' and what is 'Global'
- •Key Points
- •What Kind of World have We made? 'International' or 'Global'?
- •Global Capital Flows
- •International Production and the Transnational Corporation
- •'Domestic' and 'International'
- •The Ideological Basis of the World Economy
- •Key Points
- •Conclusions: 'So what?'
- •Questions
- •Guide to further reading
- •Chapter 12. International Regimes
- •Introduction
- •Reader's guide
- •Introduction
- •Key Points
- •The Nature of Regimes
- •Conceptualizing Regimes
- •Defining Regimes
- •Classifying Regimes
- •Globalization and International Regimes
- •Security Regimes
- •Environmental Regimes
- •Communication Regimes
- •Economic Regimes
- •Key Points
- •Competing Theories: 1. The Liberal Institutional Approach
- •Impediments to Regime Formation
- •The Facilitation of Regime Formation
- •Competing Theories: 2. The Realist Approach
- •Power and Regimes
- •Regimes and Co-ordination
- •Key Points
- •Conclusion
- •Questions
- •Guide to further reading
Key Points
Globalization refers to a process—still ongoing— through which the world has in many respects been becoming a single place.
Globalization has in one way or another encompassed every sphere of social life.
Although considerable groundwork for globalization was laid from the middle of the nineteenth century onwards, the fully fledged trend dates from around 1960.
Many accounts of globalization suffer from oversimplifications, exaggerations, and wishful thinking.
Globalization and the States-System
Discussions of globalization often involve explorations of far-reaching historical change. Researchers are asking whether, as the world becomes a single place, it also becomes a fundamentally different kind of place. For example, might the declining importance of distance and territorial boundaries trigger significant changes in prevailing modes of production? Might globalalization shift the way that people construct their senses of identity and community, so that, for instance, they become less (or perhaps more) nationalistic? Might the process alter relationships between human beings and the natural environment? Might globalization change the way people accumulate knowledge of the world, for example, encouraging a resurgence of religious belief? Might globalization transform structures of governance, that is, the ways rules are made and authority exercized in the world?
In response to such questions, commentators have variously linked globalization to the rise of the formation society, the onset of late capitalism, the advent of post-modernity, the demise of communism, and even the end of history (see Box 1.3). ??? these accounts globalization is depicted as a transition phase between epochs of history. The present chapter is not the place to evaluate these larger claims and draw overall conclusions about the implications of globalization for social change. I attempt this broader analysis elsewhere (Scholte 1997). The rest of this chapter only offers some general reflections on the implications of globalization for the states-system and wider patterns of governance.
The Westphalian Order
Before the onset of intensified globalization several decades ago, world politics was chiefly organized on the basis of the so-called Westphalian system. The name is derived from the Peace of Westphalia (1648), which contains an early official statement of the core principles that came to dominate world affairs during the subsequent three hundred years. The Westphalian system was a states-system. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, as states increasingly took the form of nation-states, people came to refer to 'international' as well as interstate relations and frequently described the Westphalian order as 'the international system'.
Box 1.3. Key Concepts of Contemporary Social Change that are Often Associated with Globalization
Information Society A number of social theorists have argued since the early 1970s that contemporary society is experiencing a major shift in the focus of production. Whereas previously economic activity revolved around agriculture and manufacturing, in the newly emerging circumstances— including in particular those of globalization—information and knowledge are said to constitute the principal sources of wealth. Computers, mass media, telecommunications, and the like are allegedly becoming the most important assets in the economy, taking precedence over land, labour, industrial plant, and money. Instead of referring to an 'information society', some commentators advance similar arguments in terms of 'the information age', 'post-industrial society', 'the services economy', or 'the knowledge society'.
Late Capitalism Both Marxists and others have invoked this phrase to suggest that contemporary history has brought changes in the institutions and processes of capitalism. Like theorists of information society, some authors highlight a shift in the focus of surplus accumulation away from older industries to economies of data, signs, and images. Others emphasize the rise of global companies, or moves towards decentralized corporate management, or the emergence of a neo-imperialism vis-a-vis the so-called 'Third World', and so on. Some writers have made points of this kind while speaking of 'the end of organized capitalism' or even 'post-capitalist society' rather than 'late capitalism'.
Post-modernity Along with globalization, 'post-modernity' and 'postmodernism' rank amongst the prominent buzzwords of contemporary social theory. Like globalization, their meaning can be quite elusive. Notions of the post-modern usually suggest some kind of crisis in, or departure from, the circumstances of modernity. For example, many commentators associate post-modernity with a demise of foundational knowledge. From this perspective, the post-modern condition involves the loss of the modern, rationalist, positivist conviction that we can, via science, establish fixed and universal truths and meanings. Ideas of post-modernity often also refer to intensified preoccupations in contemporary society with questions of identity. The post-modern individual has a 'fractured self with multiple and fluctuating senses of being and belonging (e.g. in terms of nationality, gender, race, sexuality, and so on). Many authors furthermore discuss post-modernity with reference to experiences of rapid change and ephemerality in a world dominated by mass media, consumerism, and the like. Post-modernists in International Relations in addition frequently highlight an end to the certainties of territoriality and sovereign statehood that once dominated the theory and practice of world politics. In each of these and other ways, post-modernity introduces increased uncertainty, insecurity, and disorder into social life. Note, however, that other commentators question such claims and suggest that recent historical developments involve an extension rather than a transcendence of modernity. They prefer to describe present-day circumstances in terms of 'high modernity', 'late modernity', or 'hyper-modernity'. |