- •The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations Edited by John Baylis and Steve Smith
- •Editor's Preface
- •Key Features of the Book
- •Contents
- •Detailed Contents
- •13. Diplomacy
- •14. The United Nations and International Organization
- •List of Figures
- •List of Boxes
- •List of Tables
- •About the Contributors
- •Introduction
- •From International Politics to World Politics
- •Theories of World Politics
- •Realism and World Politics
- •Liberalism and World Politics
- •World-System Theory and World Politics
- •The Three Theories and Globalization
- •Globalization and its Precursors
- •Globalization: Myth or Reality?
- •Chapter 1. The Globalization of World Politics
- •Reader's guide
- •Introduction: a Globalizing World
- •Globalization: a Definition
- •Aspects of Globalization
- •Historical Origins
- •Qualifications
- •Key Points
- •Globalization and the States-System
- •The Westphalian Order
- •The End of History
- •The End of Sovereignty
- •The Persistence of the State
- •Key Points
- •Post-Sovereign Governance
- •Substate Global Governance
- •Suprastate Global Governance
- •Marketized Global Governance
- •Global Social Movements
- •Key Points
- •The Challenge of Global Democracy
- •Globalization and the Democratic State
- •Global Governance Agencies and Democracy
- •Global Market Democracy?
- •Global Social Movements and Democracy
- •Key Points
- •Conclusion
- •Questions
- •Guide to further reading
- •Chapter 2. The Evolution of International Society
- •Reader's guide
- •Origins and Definitions
- •Key Points
- •Ancient Greece and Renaissance Italy
- •Key Points
- •European International Society
- •Key Points
- •The Globalization of International Society
- •Key Points
- •Problems of Global International Society
- •Key Points
- •Questions
- •Guide to further reading
- •Chapter 3. International history 1900-1945
- •Reader's guide
- •Introduction
- •The origins of World War One
- •Germany's bid for world power status
- •The 'Eastern Question'
- •Key points
- •Peace-making, 1919: the Versailles settlement Post-war problems
- •President Wilson's 'Fourteen Points'
- •Self-determination: the creation of new states
- •The future of Germany
- •'War guilt' and reparations
- •Key points
- •The global economic slump, 1929-1933
- •Key points
- •The origins of World War Two in Asia and the Pacific
- •Japan and the 'Meiji Restoration'
- •Japanese expansion in China
- •The Manchurian crisis and after
- •Key points
- •The path to war in Europe
- •The controversy over the origins of the Second World War
- •The rise of fascism and Nazism in Europe
- •From appeasement to war
- •Key points
- •Conclusion
- •Questions
- •Guide to further reading General
- •World War I and after
- •World War II
- •Chapter 4. International history 1945-1990
- •Introduction
- •End of empire
- •Key points
- •The cold war
- •1945-1953: Onset of the cold war
- •1953-1969: Conflict, confrontation, and compromise
- •1969-1979: The rise and fall of detente
- •1979-86: 'The second cold war'
- •The bomb
- •Conclusion
- •General
- •The cold war
- •The bomb
- •Decolonization
- •Richard Crockatt
- •Introduction
- •Key points
- •Internal factors: the collapse of communism in the Soviet Union Structural problems in the Soviet system
- •The collapse of the Soviet empire
- •Economic restructuring
- •Key points
- •The collapse of communism in Eastern Europe
- •The legacy of protest in Eastern Europe
- •Gorbachev and the end of the Brezhnev doctrine
- •Key points
- •External factors: relations with the United States Debate about us policy and the end of the cold war
- •Key points
- •The interaction between internal and external environments
- •Isolation of the communist system from the global capitalist system
- •Key points
- •Conclusion
- •Key points
- •Chapter 6. Realism
- •Introduction: the timeless wisdom of Realism
- •Reader's guide
- •Introduction: the timeless wisdom of Realism
- •Key points
- •One Realism, or many?
- •Key points
- •The essential Realism
- •Statism
- •Survival
- •Self-help
- •Key points
- •Conclusion: Realism and the globalization of world politics
- •Questions
- •Guide to further reading
- •Chapter 7. World-System Theory
- •Introduction
- •Reader's guide
- •Introduction
- •Key Points
- •The Origins of World-System Theory
- •Key Points
- •Wallerstein and World-System Theory
- •Key Points
- •The Modern World-System in Space and Time
- •Key Points
- •Politics in the Modern World-System: The Sources of Stability
- •States and the Interstate System
- •Core-States—Hegemonic Leadership and Military Force
- •Semi-peripheral States—Making the World Safe for Capitalism
- •Peripheral States—At home with the Comprador Class
- •Geoculture
- •Key Points
- •Crisis in the Modern World-System
- •The Economic Sources of Crisis
- •The Political Sources of Crisis
- •The Geocultural Sources of Crisis
- •The Crisis and the Future: Socialism or Barbarism?
- •Key Points
- •World-System Theory and Globalization
- •Key Points
- •Questions
- •A guide to further reading
- •Chapter 8. Liberalism
- •Introduction
- •Varieties of Liberalism
- •Reader's guide
- •Introduction
- •Key points
- •Varieties of Liberalism
- •Liberal internationalism
- •Idealism
- •Liberal institutionalism
- •Key points
- •Three liberal responses to globalization
- •Key points
- •Conclusion and postscript: the crisis of Liberalism
- •Questions
- •Guide to further reading
- •Chapter 9. New Approaches to International Theory
- •Reader's guide
- •Introduction
- •Key Points
- •Explanatory/Constitutive Theories and Foundational/Anti-Foundational Theories
- •Key Points
- •Rationalist Theories: The Neo-Realist/Neo-Liberal Debate
- •Key Points
- •Reflectivist Theories
- •Normative Theory
- •Key Points
- •Feminist Theory
- •Key Points
- •Critical Theory
- •Key Points
- •Historical Sociology
- •Key Points
- •Post-Modernism
- •Key Points
- •Bridging the Gap: Social Constructivism
- •Key Points
- •Conclusion
- •Questions
- •Guide to further reading
- •Chapter 10.International Security in the Post-Cold War Era
- •Introduction
- •What is meant by the concept of security?
- •The traditional approach to national security
- •The 'security dilemma'
- •The difficulties of co-operation between states
- •The problem of cheating
- •The problem of relative-gains
- •The opportunities for co-operation between states 'Contingent realism'
- •Key points
- •Mature anarchy
- •Key points
- •Liberal institutionalism
- •Key points
- •Democratic peace theory
- •Key points
- •Ideas of collective security
- •Key points
- •Alternative views on international and global security 'Social constructivist' theory
- •Key points
- •'Critical security' theorists and 'feminist' approaches
- •Key points
- •Post-modernist views
- •Key points
- •Globalist views of international security
- •Key points
- •The continuing tensions between national, international, and global security
- •Conclusions
- •Questions
- •Guide to further reading
- •Web links
- •Chapter 11. International Political Economy in an Age of Globalization
- •Reader's guide
- •Introduction: The Significance of ipe for Globalized International Relations
- •What is ipe? Terms, Labels, and Interpretations
- •Ipe and the issues of ir
- •Key Points
- •Words and Politics
- •Key Points
- •Thinking about ipe, ir, and Globalization States and the International Economy
- •The Core Question
- •What is 'International' and what is 'Global'
- •Key Points
- •What Kind of World have We made? 'International' or 'Global'?
- •Global Capital Flows
- •International Production and the Transnational Corporation
- •'Domestic' and 'International'
- •The Ideological Basis of the World Economy
- •Key Points
- •Conclusions: 'So what?'
- •Questions
- •Guide to further reading
- •Chapter 12. International Regimes
- •Introduction
- •Reader's guide
- •Introduction
- •Key Points
- •The Nature of Regimes
- •Conceptualizing Regimes
- •Defining Regimes
- •Classifying Regimes
- •Globalization and International Regimes
- •Security Regimes
- •Environmental Regimes
- •Communication Regimes
- •Economic Regimes
- •Key Points
- •Competing Theories: 1. The Liberal Institutional Approach
- •Impediments to Regime Formation
- •The Facilitation of Regime Formation
- •Competing Theories: 2. The Realist Approach
- •Power and Regimes
- •Regimes and Co-ordination
- •Key Points
- •Conclusion
- •Questions
- •Guide to further reading
'Domestic' and 'International'
We have already briefly discussed the blurring of the boundaries between the 'domestic' and 'international' realms that is brought about by the processes of interdependence, but a number of recent developments take this process even further. Over the past fifty years international trade has increasingly expanded and the framework for this trade has been the subject of intense international negotiation, with the result that more trade is now nominally 'free' of tariff and quota restraint. But more trade, with the changes in production we have discussed, has led to greater openness of the trading economies. This means that 'domestic' policy is increasingly the subject of trade dispute: when is an environmental health regulation concerning automobile exhaust emissions a barrier to trade? When is a labour regulation an improper constraint on trade, or 'unfair'? It seems that almost every aspect of national economic activity is now subject to international supervision (see Case Study 6, Box 11.8). John Ruggie (1995) calls this the issue of 'contested domestic domains' and argues that this is a consequence of other far-reaching changes in political economy, and that it is a major problem of defining politically where 'external' ends and 'domestic' begins, but that there are no simple solutions. The 'global' is increasingly part of the 'local' and this often produces direct links that by-pass central government, adding to the sense that governments are either impotent or increasingly irrelevant (Horsman and Marshall 1995).
The problem is made more difficult by the growth in trade in services (one of the key areas to be considered in the last major round of trade negotiations—The Uruguay Round). Services include: transport, insurance, tourism, information services, construction, intellectual property rights, and many others, and their value is now around a quarter of total world trade, perhaps more, as we have the familiar problem of 'how we measure' things like the value-added element of design (e.g. in cars and clothes) (Ruggie 1995: 513-16). The Uruguay Round did produce a 'General Agreement on Trade in Services' (GATS), but this promises to produce many more political problems before a clear framework emerges. However, what is clear is that GATS means that more hitherto 'domestic' activities than ever before will be brought under international surveillance and attempted influence and control, particularly in the area of intellectual property (copyright, patents, licensing, etc.).
Box 11.8. Case Study 6: Financial Times, 3 April 1996: 'Labour standards "must be included in growth strategy" ' |
The Group of Seven leading industrialised nations yesterday agreed that the enhancement of core labour standards was necessary in any global strategy for economic growth. The G7 comprises the US, Japan, Germany, France, Italy, the UK and Canada. The agreed communique ending the G7 economy and labour ministers' two-day conference in Lille in northern France was only reached after many hours of intense behind-the-scenes discussion and was seen as a setback for the views of several participants, notably Japan, Germany, the UK and Canada. They had expressed opposition to any reference to labour standards in the document emerging from the conference. But the UK government said last night the outcome could have been much worse from its point of view. Initially France and the US had wanted the communique to say G7 should insist the labour standards issue should be on the agenda at the December meeting in Singapore of the World Trade Organization. But this proposal was removed over yesterday's lunch after the UK and others had expressed strong opposition to it. France, which had called the conference, put the labour standards issue at the forefront of the meeting and, along with the US, insisted on a clear commitment. Mr Robert Reich, US labour secretary, made clear yesterday that the US intends to press hard on the issue in the WTO. He said it was 'a proper forum for a discussion' of labour standards that cover trade union freedoms, prevent the employment of children and ban forced labour. The communique said: 'We note the importance of enhancing core labour standards around the world and examining the links between these standards and international trade in appropriate fora.' Ministers awaited 'with interest the completion of studies currently under way at the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development and the International Labour Organization on the social dimensions of international trade'. However, there was also a strong commitment, backed unanimously by all the governments at the conference, to fiscal discipline in the running of their economic policies. 'The G7 countries must endeavour to control public spending more effectively in order to reduce their deficits,' said the communique. 'Reducing deficits will help to create a more favourable climate for private investment and income growth against a background of moderate interest rates.' Other proposals which won general agreement included: • A 'modernisation' of the 'regulatory framework' in goods and services. • The active encouragement of small- and medium-sized enterprises with venture capital to help in new technologies. • The need to promote policies to ensure 'the security of employability over individuals' working lives'. • Changes in the tax and benefits system 'to make work pay particularly for the least well-off'; in addition, cuts in non-wage labour costs 'where appropriate'. • Policies targeted on helping the long-term unemployed and to integrate young job-seekers into regular jobs. |