IV. Brush up your grammar

A. Grammar Folio:

Passive Voice Страдательный залог

Страдательный залог употребляется, когда объект действия более важен для говорящего, чем субъект (исполнитель) этого действия.

Форма страдательного залога образуется при помощи вспо­мо­га­тель­ного глагола to be в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем времени и третьей основной формы смыслового глагола (V3).

	Present	Past	Future
Simple (Indefinite)	am, is, are + V3 I am instructed Меня инструктируют (каждый год)	was, were + V3 I was instructed Меня инструктировали (вчера)	will be + V3 I will be instructed Меня будут инструк- тировать (завтра)
Continuous	am, is, are + being + V3 I am being instructed Меня инструктируют (сейчас)	was, were + being + V3 I was being instructed Меня инструктирова- ли (когда он вошёл)	вместо отсутствующей формы употребляется Future Simple
Perfect	have, has + been + V3 I have been instruct- instruced Меня проинструкти- ровали (уже)	had been + V3 I had been instructed Меня уже проинструк- тировали (к тому вре- мени, когда он пришёл)	will have been + V3 I will have been instructed Меня уже проинтрук- тируют (к трём часам)

B. Exercises

1. Transfer Active constructions into Passive

A) > Pattern: Under capitalism, individuals own and operate most businesses.

Under capitalism, most businesses are owned and operated by

individuals.

1. The state operates certain key industries.

2. Most social nations recognize basic individual freedoms.

3. Economics affects your life every day.

4. The developed countries produce 75 per cent of the world’s output.

5. Demand describes the behavior of buyers.

6. The forces of supply and demand determine the market price for goods

and services.

B) > Pattern: In Great Britain, the government is selling off many state-

owned businesses to private companies.

In great Britain, many state-owned businesses are being sold

off by the government.

1. The government is keeping key industries under state control.

2. The President and some world-famous economists are discussing the

problems of the global economy.

3. China is carrying out an economic reform.

4. Because of economic recession, people are spending less money.

5. The management of the company is planning a new competitive strategy.

6. The developing countries are changing the structure of the global economy.

C) > Pattern: The Nobel Prize Committee in Stockholm has called the Nobel

Prize winners in economics.

The Nobel Prize winners in economics have been called by the

Nobel Prize Committee in Stockholm.

1. The leaders of the opposite parties have supported the anti-crisis program

of the government.

2. Increasing demand for metal has improved the economic situation in the

industrial sector.

3. The latest recession has caused a decline in production, employment, and

income.

4. Many planned economies have adopted free-market policies.

5. Since the beginning of the year, Toyota has started the production of

economical and inexpensive cars.

6. “The Economist” has published the consumer price index for the previous

month.

3. Choose the right variant:

1. Under socialism, certain key industries such as transportation, utilities, medicine, steel, and communications __________ by the state.

a) are owned b) are being owned c) have been owned d) had been owned

2. The company __________ in 2003.

a) is founded b) was founded c) will be founded d) has been founded

3. In the near future 50 large government-owned companies __________ in Israel.

a) are sold off b) were sold off c) have been sold off d) will be sold off

4. Right now the Minister of Trade __________ by foreign journalists.

a) is interviewed b) is being interviewed c) was interviewed d) will be interviewed

5. A new film about economic reforms in China __________ on TV from 10 till 11 o’clock yesterday.

a) has been shown b) was shown c) was being shown d) had been shown

6. “Financial Times” – a well-known economic daily - __________ in London since 1988.

a) is published b) is being published c) was published d) has been published

7. The British government privatized most of state-owned enterprises after a new economic program __________ by the Parliament.

a) was adopted b) was being adopted c) has been adopted d) had been adopted

8. You __________ to Mr. Brown yet.

a) aren’t being introduced b) weren’t introduced c) haven’t been introduced d) hadn’t been introduced

9. I __________ to the director soon.

a) am introduced b) am being introduced c) will be introduced d) will have been introduced

10. In 1997 Hong Kong ceased being a British colony and __________ to communist China.

a) is returned b) was returned c) has been returned d) will be returned

11. A conference on those problems __________ now.

a) is held b) was held c) is being held d) was being held

12. Adam Smith __________ to be the father of modern economics by most economists today.

a) is considered b) was considered c) has been considered d) will be considered

13. The principles of the free enterprise system __________ by the Scottish economist Adam Smith in the 1700’s.

a) are first stated b) were first stated c) have been first stated d) had been first stated

14. For the past 20 years incredible economic growth __________ by India.

a) is shown b) is being shown c) has been shown d) was shown

15. In fact, our life __________ by economics everyday.

a) is being affected b) is affected c) has been affected d) had been affected

4. Choose the correct option.

1. A less developed country is (some / the same) as a country of the Third

World.

2. For the next twenty years the supply of energy will be limited in (some / the

same) sectors of the US economy.

3. I (am not / don’t) agree with you.

4. We agree (of / with) your point of view.

5. Last year profits were the (most low / lowest) for a decade.

6. What do you mean (with / by) consumer price index?

7. I’m not sure what (are you / you are) saying.

8. I don’t understand what (do you mean / you mean).

9. Sales (have fallen dramatically / has fallen dramatically) in the last six

months.

10. The Asian market (grows / is growing) quickly nowadays.

11. These costs are very worrying. They’ve risen (sharply / slightly).

12. Please explain who is responsible (of / for) this error.

13. English and French (speak / spoken / are spoken) in Canada.

14. You (know / don’t know) nothing about this problem.

15. I know Mr. Smith (good / well). He is (so / such) a good businessman.