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Лекція № 25

Тема: Порівняння вживання Active – Passive Tenses

Мета: Навчити порівнювати особливості утворення та вживання в мовленні часів Active / Passive

Основна література

  1. Верба л. Граматика сучасної англійської мови. - к.: Логос, 2001. – 342 с.

  2. Голіцинській Ю. Граматика-збірник вправ.-К.: Методика, 2005. – 205 с.

  3. Гусак т. Modern English Grammar in Practice.-Дрогобич: Коло,2004. – 230с.

  4. Качалова К. Практическая грамматика английского языка.- К.: Методика, 1996.– 250 с.

  5. Керножицкая О. Английский язык. Задания по грамматике. – К.: Тандем, 1997. – 256 с.

  6. Клементьева Т. Повторяем времена английского глагола. – М.: Полиграф, 2004. – 207 с.

  7. Кравченко О. 516 упражнений по грамматике английского языка. – М.: Лист, 2000. – 150 с.

  8. Jenny Dooley. Grammarway 3. - Express Publishing. 2000. – 216 c.

  9. John Eastwood. Oxford Practice Gramar. - Oxford University Press, 2006. – 440 с.

Додаткова література

  1. Павліченко о. М. Англійська мова. Граматичний практикум. – х.: Ранок, 2011. – 304 с.

  2. Betty Azar. Basic English Grammar. – Pearson Longman, 2005. – 500 c.

  3. David Rieley. Practical Grammar. – Heinle, 2010. – 272 c.

  4. Fiona Davis. Active Grammar. – Cambridge, 2011. – 200 c.

  5. Marjorie Fuchs. Grammar Express. - Pearson Longman, 2003. – 420 c.

  6. Virginia Evans. Round-Up. - Pearson Longman, 2011. – 190 c.

§ 1 Розгляньте таблицю 16 і порівняйте утворення та вживання активного та пасивного станів:

Table 16 – Active / Passive Voice – comparison

ACTIVE

Підмет – суб’єкт дії

PASSIVE

Підмет – об’єкт дії

Present Indefinite

дія є повторюваною, відбувається завжди, постійно, часто або інколи

I / you / we / they + V

she / he / it + Vs

Do you V? We don’t V.

Does she V? He doesn’t V.

We usually use anti-virus programs to detect and remove viruses.

I am + V3

he / she / it + is +V3

you /we / they + are + V3

Is she V3? They are not V3.

Anti-virus programs are usually used to detect and remove viruses.

Продовження таблиці 16

ACTIVE

Підмет – суб’єкт дії

PASSIVE

Підмет – об’єкт дії

Past Indefinite

дія відбулася у визначений час у минулому

I / you / we / they / she / he / it + V2 (Ved).

Did you V? Did she V?

We didn’t V. He didn’t V.

We used an anti-virus program to detect and remove viruses yesterday.

I / he / she / it + was + V3

you /we / they + were + V3

Was she V3? Was he V3?

They were not V3.

An anti-virus program was used yesterday to detect and remove viruses.

Future Indefinite

дія є прогнозом, передбаченням щодо майбутнього

I / he / she / it / you /we / they + will + V.

Will she V? Will they V?

They will not V.

We will use an anti-virus program to detect and remove viruses tomorrow.

I / he / she / it / you /we / they + will be + V3

Will she be V3?

They will not be V3.

An anti-virus program will be used tomorrow to detect and remove viruses.

Present Continuous

тривала дія, що відбувається в момент мовлення

I am + Ving

he / she / it + is +Ving

you /we / they + are + Ving

Is she Ving? Are they Ving?

They are not Ving.

We are using an anti-virus program to detect and remove viruses now.

I am being + V3

he / she / it + is being +V3

you /we / they + are being + V3

Is she being V3?

They are not being V3.

An anti-virus program is being used now to detect and remove viruses.

Past Continuous

тривала дія, що відбувалася в певний момент у минулому

I / he / she / it + was + Ving

you /we / they + were + Ving

Was she Ving?

Were they Ving?

They were not Ving.

We were using an anti-virus program to detect and remove viruses at this time yesterday.

I /he / she / it was being + V3

you /we / they + were being + V3

Was she being V3?

They were not being V3.

An anti-virus program was being used to detect and remove viruses at this time yesterday.

Future Continuous

тривала дія, що відбуватиметься в якийсь момент або період часу в майбутньому

I / he / she / it / you /we / they + will be + Ving

Will she be Ving?

Will they be Ving?

They will not be Ving.

We will be using an anti-virus program to detect and remove viruses at this time tomorrow.

--------

Продовження таблиці 16

ACTIVE

Підмет – суб’єкт дії

PASSIVE

Підмет – об’єкт дії

Present Perfect

дія відбулася до моменту мовлення і результат її у теперішньому часі є очевидним

I/ you /we / they + have + V3

he / she / it + has + V3

Has she V3? Have we V3?

She has not V3.

They have not V3.

We have already used an anti-virus program to detect and remove viruses.

I/ you /we /they + have been + V3

he / she / it + has been+ V3

Has she beenV3?

Have we been V3?

She has not beenV3.

They have not been V3.

An anti-virus program has already been used to detect and remove viruses.

Past Perfect

дія відбулася і завершилася в минулому, до іншої минулої дії

I/ you /we / they / he / she / it + had + V3

Had she V3? Had we V3?

She had not V3.

They had not V3.

We had already used an anti-virus program to detect and remove viruses by that time yesterday.

I/ you /we / they / he / she / it + had been + V3

Had she been V3?

Had we been V3?

She had not been V3.

They had not beenV3.

An anti-virus program had already been used to detect and remove viruses by that time yesterday.

Future Perfect

майбутня дія, що закінчиться до певного моменту або до початку іншої дії в майбутньому

I/ you /we / they / he / she / it + will have + V3

Will she have V3?

Will we have V3?

She will not have V3.

They will not have V3.

We will have used an anti-virus program to detect and remove viruses by this time tomorrow.

I/ you /we / they / he / she / it + will have been + V3

Will she have been V3?

Will we have been V3?

She will not have beenV3.

They will not have been V3.

An anti-virus program will have been used to detect and remove viruses by this time tomorrow.

Завдання для самоконтролю

Вправа 1 Напишіть речення у пасивному стані

1. Do many workers use computers at your office? 2. People use professional computers in concrete professional sphere. 3. He hadn’t repaired the printer by the time his boss arrived. 4. Did they explain you how to solve this problem on a computer? 5. They developed C++ from the C language. 6. They use a printer to print the computer output on paper. 7. The user saw the computer in action. 8. We are redesigning our website at the moment. 9. When did Popov invent the radio? 10. You can launch the desired program or document by double-clicking the icon. 11. Kate is choosing a new scanner at the moment. 12. They made this processor in South Korea. 13. A lot of children use computers nowadays. 14. Who developed the first personal computer? 15. You must follow these instructions very carefully.

Вправа 2 Розкрийте дужки, вживаючи відповідний час дієслова

1. Why some people (like) shopping online? 2. How we (call) the most powerful mainframes? 3. Since 1997 there (be) a high-tech revolution in China. 4. The real power of a computer (lie) in the speed with which it (check) these switches anywhere. 5. Supercomputers (revolutionize) the design of aircraft and automobiles. 6. This key (not / have) a fixed function. 7. Occasionally a computer (freeze). 8. Someone (access) his files yesterday as he (choose) a simple password. 9. Hackers (steal) confidential information from the database last week. 10. Commonly she (use) C++ and JavaScript. 11. They already (buy) a computer? 12. At the moment we (develop) a Web – based project. 13. She (need) a computer for writing letters. 14. This key (not / move) the cursor down. It (move) the cursor up. 15. How long he (be) in charge of the IT department? 16. I think computers (replace) bus drivers in future. 17. This (not / mean) that the field of computers is clear of evil. 18. In 1969 there (be) a network of just four mainframe computers. By 1972 the number (rise) to forty. 19. How long you (test) this program? 20. My friend just (adjust) his monitor.

Вправа 3 Відкрийте дужки, використовуючи Passive Voice

1. Two graphic techniques … (require) to prepare images for four-color printing. 2. When a negative image of the red component … (produce), the resulting image represents the cyan component of the image. 3. On top of that surface, the label print … (apply). 4. The precursor to GUIs … (invent) by researchers at the Stanford Research Institute. 5. A GUI, as the primary interface, … (use) for the Xerox Alto computer. 6. GUIs … (introduce) in reaction to the steep learning curve of command line interfaces. 7. A Compact Disc … (use) to store digital data. 8. A Compact Disc … originally … (develop) for storing digital audio. 9. In 1988, 400 million CDs … (manufacture) by 50 pressing plants around the world. 10. In June 1985, the CD-ROM (read-only memory) and, in 1990, CD-Recordable … (introduce), also developed by Sony and Philips.

Вправа 4 Розкрийте дужки, вживаючи відповідний час Active/Passive

1. The prototype for the Internet (create) by the US Defense Department in the sixties. 2. A variety of devices can (attach) to a computer. 3. While she (search) the Internet yesterday, her computer (crash). 4. What kinds of problems she (have) with hardware recently? 5. These PCs (not / make) in the USA. 6. The company (introduce) the first Game Boy in 1989? 7. Browsing the Web (be) very popular. 8. How long you (have) this website? 9. They (export) a lot of equipment from France for two years. 10. Confidential information (steal) from the database by hackers last week. 11. What time this message (send) yesterday? 12. A dot (use) to separate the parts of each identifier. 13. He (work) for IBM since last year. 14. She always (use) a browser program for looking at pages on the Internet. 15. You (want) to virus check another disk? 16. How she (draw) pictures on a computer? 17. Who this program (write) by?

Вправа 5 Відкрийте дужки, використовуючи Active Voice

1. At the moment my friends (try) to learn how to use Active Server pages. 2. The mouse port and the keyboard port (look) exactly the same? 3. Over the last few decades, we (transform) all kinds of IT technologies. 4. They (not / have) any problems with graphics so far. 5. Computers (be) part of many machines. 6. There (be) many improvements in interface design since the development of the GUI. 7. He (not / repair) the printer by the time his boss arrived. 8. I never (use) a program as simple as this. 9. We always (ask) the users, not the managers, what they (need) from the system. 10. There (be) different kinds of computers in use today. 11. He (test) this program from 3 to 6 o’clock yesterday? 12. Once you (write) your program you have to test it. 13. They (test) this program for two hours already when I came to the office. 14. Computers (proliferate) in many areas nowadays. 15. The use of magnetic disks (become) widespread nowadays. 16. What he usually (do) as a break from programming?

Вправа 6 Відкрийте дужки, використовуючи Passive Voice

1. Text … typically … (print) in black. 2. The actions … usually … (perform) through direct manipulation of the graphical elements. 3. The term GUI … historically … (restrict) to the scope of two-dimensional display screens with display resolutions capable of describing generic information. 4. Most modern general-purpose GUIs … (derive) from this system. 5. Available commands … (compile) together in menus. 6. When … the use of text-based hyperlinks … (develop)? 7. A pointer-based system called Sketchpad … (develop) by Ivan Sutherland in 1963. 8. A Compact Disc … (make) from a 1.2 mm thick disc of almost pure polycarbonate plastic. 9. Before digital imaging … (develop), the traditional method of doing this was to photograph the image three times, using a filter for each colour. 10. The technology … later … (adapt) and … (expand) to include data storage CD-ROM, write-once audio and data storage CD-R, rewritable media CD-RW.

Вправа 7 Відкрийте дужки, використовуючи Passive / Active Voice

1. Colour printing … (be) the reproduction of an image or text in colour. 2. Colour printing … (involve) a series of steps, or transformations, to generate a quality colour reproduction. 3. The "subtractive" primary ink colours … (be) cyan (a bright blue), magenta (a vivid red-purple), and yellow; which … (abbreviate) as CMYK. 4. Specific graphic processes and industrial equipment … (use) for mass reproduction of colour images on paper. 5. A computer screen … (mix) shades of red, green, and blue to create colour pictures. 6. In 1995 there … (be) fewer than 1,000 web development companies in the United States alone, but by 2005 there … (be) over 30,000 such companies. 7. Ivan Sutherland … (develop) a pointer-based system called Sketchpad in 1963. 8. CD … (be available) on the market since October 1982. 9. From its origins as a music format, Compact Disc … (grow) to encompass other applications. 10. Since the mid-1990s, web development … (be) one of the fastest growing industries in the world. 11. By 2007, 200 billion CDs … (sell) worldwide.