2.5. Use a dictionary to complete the chart below. Mark

the stressed syllable in each more than one syllable word.

adjectives	nouns	verbs
	ad′ministrator
super′visory
		lead
	′manager
organi′zational
	employ′ee
		pro′mote
pro′ductive

2.6. Read the text and find out:

a) Which skills are important at each managerial level?

b) What are the most common managers' personal characteristics?

Skills

In order to perform the functions of management and to assume

multiple roles, managers must be skilled. Robert Katz identified three managerial skills that are essential to successful management: technical, human, and conceptual. Technical skill involves process or technique knowledge and proficiency. Managers use the processes, techniques and tools of a specific area. Human skill involves the ability to cooperate and interact effectively with people. Conceptual skill involves the formulation of ideas. Managers understand abstract relationships, develop ideas, and solve problems creatively. Thus, technical skill deals with things, human skill concerns people, and conceptual skill concerns ideas.

A manager's level in the organization determines the relative importance of possessing technical, human, and conceptual skills. Top level managers need conceptual skills in order to view the organization as a whole. Conceptual skills are used in planning and dealing with ideas and abstractions. Supervisors need technical skills to manage their area of specialty. All levels of management need human skills in order to interact and communicate with other people successfully.

The following are some skills and personal characteristics that are important for managers:

Leadership - ability to influence others to perform tasks

Self-objectivity - ability to evaluate yourself realistically

Analytic thinking - ability to interpret and explain information

Behavioral flexibility - ability to modify personal behavior to react objectively rather than subjectively to accomplish organizational goals

Oral communication - ability to express ideas clearly in words Written communication - ability to express clearly ideas in writing

Personal impact - ability to create a good impression and instill confidence

Resistance to stress - ability to perform under stressful condition

Tolerance for uncertainty - ability to perform in ambiguous situations.

2.7. Read and find out what roles a manager plays. Roles Performed by Managers

A manager wears many hats. Not only is a manager a team leader, but he or she is also a planner, organizer, cheerleader, coach, problem solver, and decision maker - all rolled into one. In addition, managers' schedules are usually jam-packed. Whether they're busy with employee meetings, unexpected problems, or strategy sessions, managers often find little spare time on their calendars. (And that doesn't even include responding to e-mail!)

In his classic book, The Nature of Managerial Work, Henry Mintzberg describes a set of ten roles that a manager fills. These roles fall into three categories:

Interpersonal: This role involves human interaction.

Informational: This role involves the sharing and analyzing of information.

Decisional: This role involves decision making.