6) Научные грамматики

By the end of the 19^th c prescriptive grammar has reached the peak of its development. There was a need for a grammar of a higher type which would give a scientific explanation of a grammatical phenomena.

Of the first grammarians of the period was Henry Sweet. He wrote several works. His most comprehensive work is called “A new E Grammar, Logical and historical” which was published in 1891. He was one of the first who declared the priority of the doctrine of usage. (приоритет доктрины употребления) For the previous grammarians the main was the doctrine of correctness and for Swead the main was the doctrine of usage – something which is in common use should be the guide. “Whatever is in general use in language is for that reason grammatically correct”. If something doesn’t contradict the common sense and the main rules of the language and in common use – that it is something that can be used.

Sweet was the first among representatives of scientific grammar, but historically Priestley formulated the doctrine of general use.

Sweet stated the priority of oral speech over written. This theory was later put forward by structuralists.

The beginning of the 20^th c witnessed the work of some other great grammarians:

Jespersen

Poulsma

Curme

Onions

Kruisinga

Nesfieled

All of them the authors of scientific grammars in which they not only describe the gramm system of EL but gave some historical and logical explanations and theoretical basis.

Jeperson – one of the greatest specialists. He has one of those who paved the way for the structural approach to the language and he was one of those who formalized the description. It was he who introduced the symbols which are commonly used now:

S – for subject

P – for predicative

O – for object

I – for the infinitive

He spoke of ranks and described the ranks in term of the numerals.

Subject and predicate – the first/the primary rank (immediate constitute)

Object – the secondary rank (attribute)

Adverbia – the third rank

He spoke about 2 case system.

Poutsma introduced the term “the composite sentence” for the composite proper (compound – ССП, complex – СПП - 2 subject clauses unrelated to each other).

7) Новые грамматические школы

The period of scientific grammars is the very end of the 19^th c and the beg of the 20^th c. Scientific grammars particularized certain grammatical notions – they explained them theoretically. They paid much more attention to the syntactical research. Some of them even introduced the idea of sentence analysis. They studied thoroughly the structure of composite sentences, they studied the hierarchy of diff levels both in a simple and in a compound sentences. They were not unanimous in the approach to the composite sentence. Some of them didn’t consider the compound sentence and the same level. In their opinion a real composite sentence was a complex sentence and a compound sentence was heated as a number indep sentences joined together they distinguished double and multiply sentences. Many of their ideas were like forerunners of the future development of linguistics that is of the structural approach. It was a great contribution both in the general theory of language (they found some universal ideas which could be used by other branches of linguistics) and in the development of the doctrine of usage.

The 40s witnessed the development of a new type of grammar – the structural approach to studying and describing the language. (they wanted to describe the way the language works)

The new haunches:

1. structural – descriptive approach

2. transformational – generative grammar

3. generative semantics

1) structural – descriptive approach describes linguistic units in terms of their distribution (immediate surroundings). The 2 main kinds of analysis – distribution, substitution (возможность замены 1 элемента другим в той же дистрибуции).

Zelec Harris

He formulates the aim of descriptive linguistics – “the setting up of elements and the statement of the distribution of these elements relative to each other” they concentrated their attention on formal operations the so-called grammatical discovery procedures (процедура, благодаря которой можно установить грамматический статус слова (дистрибутивный анализ)); sentence structure is represented in terms of immediate constituent.

Some other: Charles Fries

Whitehall

Before Fries’s and Harris’s books appeared they were several prominent linguists who already employed descriptive methods but H., F. and Wh were linguists who joined all the ideas together.

2) The aim of the generative grammar is to find out mechanisms that account for the generation of the variety of sentences of a language out of a new curnal (ядерный) sentences. They worked out a system of curnal sentences (the subject and the predicate only).

The scheme of analysis:

There are several Kernal sentences and a list of transformation rules (T-rules). They have introduced the notion of the deep and the surface structure of each sentence. By the deep str they mean the very idea, and the surface structure is how it is expressed.

Transformational operations which help transform a Kernal structure into a sentence:

1. rearrangement

2. addition

3. deletion

4. combination

Some grammarians of the Past expressed those ideas (Bain, Jesperson). Implicitly they developed those ideas. (enlargement, expansion – зачатки этих идей)

The grammar was very constructive. Semantics was ignored in this theory.