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30) Коммуникативное (актуальное) членение предложения. Способы выделения смыслового центра.

There are two levels of the sentence: the structural and the communicative level. The sentence falls structurally into members of the sentence which may be expressed by means of words, word groups and predicative units.

The main/principal members of the sentence and the secondary members.

From the communicative level there are only 2 parts: the theme (the Known, the Given) and the rheme (The new). Usually a sentence is a theme-rheme structure, but it’s possible to have a rheme sentence (Fine!) (But it is impossible to have a theme sentence).

This division has a number of names: actual division, the topic comment, thematic-grammatic articulation. The comment was noticed as far as in 19th century by Buslaev.

The theme-rheme structure corresponds to the structure of the logical communication. It reflects the relations between the logical subject (theme) and the logical predicate (rheme).

The theory was elaborated by Matezius.

In Russian the most important device in unexpressive sentence is word order. The rheme is usually placed in the end of the sentence.

The main ways of marking the new (rheme):

  • the indefinite, the Zero article (A man came in)

  • there is/there are (to be… = …there came…)

  • word order (Then came the day of our meeting) Communicative inversion is possible but there are some resedations connected with the nature of word placed at the beginning and the meaning of the word placed forward.

  • a 3-member passive with the by-phrase when it’s the center of the communication (This was done by my brother)

  • particles of emphatic precision (He alone didn’t know anything about it)

  • the use of the reflexive pronouns in the emphatic function (He did it himself)

  • the emphatic “it-construction” (double-emphasis) (It was he, who told me the truth)

There are some other devices, so besides we can use transformations:

  1. splitting the subject group. Строится электростанция, которая…- a power station is being built, which…

  2. when we use a phrase instead of a verb: Широко использовались методы… - Extensive use was made of…

  3. transformation of the members of the sentence: За последние годы наблюдается подъем… - The recent years saw/witnessed…

3 main approaches: 1) the semantic approach (on whether the subject is known or unknown) 2) the syntactic approach identifies the parts of the communication with syntatic categories 3) the logical approach – the communicative structure of the sentence corresponds to the structure of the logical communication (the theme – logical subject, the rheme – logical predicate). The speaker’s attention is focused on the theme.

The solution of the problem is that the complete information comes from the interaction between parts of sentence.

Modern linguists refer the phenomenon of the actual division of the sentence to speech and connected with the theory of speech acts.

In correlative sentences it is rather difficult to distinguish theme-rheme parts.

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