- •1) Грамматический строй языка. Особенности структуры английского языка.
- •2) Грамматическая категория. Основное / транспонированное значение.
- •3) Грамматическое значение. Грамматические формы и способы из образования.
- •Morphemes From the point of view what they mark
- •From the point of view of how they mark and what they consist in
- •4) Ранние работы
- •5) Нормативная грамматика
- •6) Научные грамматики
- •7) Новые грамматические школы
- •3) Generative semantics (важно значение отношений, а не форма)
- •8) Text linguistics (text grammar)
- •9) Parts of speech
- •10) The noun (general)
- •11) Категория числа существительного
- •12) Категория падежа существительного
- •13) Категория определенности / неопределенности существительного
- •14) Род существительного
- •15) Имя прилагательное
- •16) Наречие
- •17) Числительное
- •18) Местоимение
- •19) Глагол. Общая характеристика.
- •Classification of Verbs
- •20) Глагол. Личные и неличные формы
- •21) Категория вида. Способы передачи отдельных видовых значений в английском языке (повторность, начинательность).
- •22) Категория временной соотнесенности. Проблематика. Значения перфектных форм в связи с лексическим характером глагола. Предельные / непредельные глаголы (terminative / non-terminative)
- •23) Категория залога. Проблема залога.
- •24) Категория наклонения. Проблема сослагательного наклонения в английском языке.
- •25) Категории лица и числа. Проблема согласования сказуемого с подлежащим.
- •26) Категория времени. Проблема выделения временных оппозиций. Правила согласования времен.
- •Sequence of tenses in complex sentences
- •Sequence of tenses in sentences with object clauses Present or future in the main clause
- •Past tense in the main clause
- •The choice of a past tense in the object subordinate clause
- •27) Form words
- •28) Предложение. Основные признаки. Аспекты предложения.
- •29) Классификация предложения по разным признакам
- •30) Коммуникативное (актуальное) членение предложения. Способы выделения смыслового центра.
- •31) Порядок слов. Его роль и функции. Инверсия и перемещение.
- •32) Сложные предложения. Их типы. Способы связи их частей. Особенности английского сложного предложения.
- •33) Модальность. Основные группы модальных значений. Средства выражения модальности.
- •34) Словосочетание. Основные признаки. Типы. Виды (средства) связей.
- •35) Предикативные словосочетания (синтаксические комплексы)
- •36) Коммуникативные типы высказывания.
- •37) Типы грамматик
13) Категория определенности / неопределенности существительного
It is a notional category and in some languages it is a grammatical category. It is closely connected with so called theme-rheme structure of the sentence (the theme is smth that is considered to be definite). The ind A and the zero A are commonly used with the new and the def A is used with the theme. Though there are cases when the def A is used for the rheme.
The C of d/ind is expressed by means of the Article. There have always been many discussions about the place of the Article. The C of d/ind is expressed in any language where the A is used. The position of the A not the meaning of the category but its status in the language is a controversial problem and has been such for centuries.
The system of article has developed in 14-15 centuries. One of the earliest classifications was Ben Johnson’s classification. He singled out the A in the special class and added it to the general list of parts of. In fact he saw all the importance of the A and that’s why referred to it as a separate PoS.
Later grammarians (18, 19th cc) classed the grounds that it was usually used with a noun and it preceded the noun as the adj. Even Nesfield (the end of the 19th c 1898, last reprint 1954) doesn’t distinguish the A as a PoS, but nearly as an adj. His approach was purely structural.
2 approaches: 1) the article is a word, but a form word 2) the article is a morpheme.
It is desirable to consider the article as a morpheme just because it has no lexical meaning of its own, but it marks a very important character of the noun: it shows whether the noun is in the position of definiteness or indefiniteness.
We distinguish 3 articles: definite, indefinite and zero.
The indefinite article classifies things that is refers them to the class. The main functions – nominative, classifying, proper (we saw a lake. It was a very beautiful lake.), numeric, generalizing (a dog is a domestic animal).
The zero article is the variant of the indefinite article with the meaning of indefiniteness. It is used in this meaning when the indefinite article is grammatically impossible (plural, uncountable nouns)
The definite article singles out an object from the class of identical. The main thing about the def A is that there should always be some limitations expressed or understood whereas with the ind A no limitation is needed as it only names things. The limitive or the restrictive function may be based on the following: 1) on back reference 2) on the use of the limitive attribute 3) on the uniqueness of the object 4) on the situation (The man was standing at the window looking out. The beginning of the narration).
The generic function – the noun denotes the composite image of the class.
The use of the article depends not only on the main factors mentioned above. The choice of the article may be connected with the meaning, the position of the person, the syntactic function of the noun and some other semantic and stylistic considerations.
Mr. Brown, president of the company, told us to come at five.
Byron, the great romantic poet, died young.