- •1) Грамматический строй языка. Особенности структуры английского языка.
- •2) Грамматическая категория. Основное / транспонированное значение.
- •3) Грамматическое значение. Грамматические формы и способы из образования.
- •Morphemes From the point of view what they mark
- •From the point of view of how they mark and what they consist in
- •4) Ранние работы
- •5) Нормативная грамматика
- •6) Научные грамматики
- •7) Новые грамматические школы
- •3) Generative semantics (важно значение отношений, а не форма)
- •8) Text linguistics (text grammar)
- •9) Parts of speech
- •10) The noun (general)
- •11) Категория числа существительного
- •12) Категория падежа существительного
- •13) Категория определенности / неопределенности существительного
- •14) Род существительного
- •15) Имя прилагательное
- •16) Наречие
- •17) Числительное
- •18) Местоимение
- •19) Глагол. Общая характеристика.
- •Classification of Verbs
- •20) Глагол. Личные и неличные формы
- •21) Категория вида. Способы передачи отдельных видовых значений в английском языке (повторность, начинательность).
- •22) Категория временной соотнесенности. Проблематика. Значения перфектных форм в связи с лексическим характером глагола. Предельные / непредельные глаголы (terminative / non-terminative)
- •23) Категория залога. Проблема залога.
- •24) Категория наклонения. Проблема сослагательного наклонения в английском языке.
- •25) Категории лица и числа. Проблема согласования сказуемого с подлежащим.
- •26) Категория времени. Проблема выделения временных оппозиций. Правила согласования времен.
- •Sequence of tenses in complex sentences
- •Sequence of tenses in sentences with object clauses Present or future in the main clause
- •Past tense in the main clause
- •The choice of a past tense in the object subordinate clause
- •27) Form words
- •28) Предложение. Основные признаки. Аспекты предложения.
- •29) Классификация предложения по разным признакам
- •30) Коммуникативное (актуальное) членение предложения. Способы выделения смыслового центра.
- •31) Порядок слов. Его роль и функции. Инверсия и перемещение.
- •32) Сложные предложения. Их типы. Способы связи их частей. Особенности английского сложного предложения.
- •33) Модальность. Основные группы модальных значений. Средства выражения модальности.
- •34) Словосочетание. Основные признаки. Типы. Виды (средства) связей.
- •35) Предикативные словосочетания (синтаксические комплексы)
- •36) Коммуникативные типы высказывания.
- •37) Типы грамматик
28) Предложение. Основные признаки. Аспекты предложения.
The sentence has always been considered the main and the highest unit of language. It is one of the two syntactic units (word group). The sentence is the only unit of speech capable of expressing a communication (суждение) = a more or less complete idea or thought.
The notion of the sentence hasn’t yet received a satisfactory definition. It is multileteral. We should take into account its phonetic form, grammar form, communicative form and so on. However there are some attempts to give a short definition: 1) it is a shortest lexical unit capable of expression complete information, relevant to this particular situation. 2) it is a piece or utterance between 2 breath intakes.
We should distinguish 3 main aspects: structural, semantic, pragmatic.
The semantic structure of the sentence deals not only with the meaning of different parts of the sentence, but also reflect a certain extralinguistic situation as well as the theme-rheme structure of the sentence.
the meaning of the elements constituting the sentence: both their original, dictionary meaning and the meaning derived from the colloquation (the meaning of the word in a group).
The theme-rheme structure of the sentence
The resulting general meaning (both the semantic and the stylistic meaning)
The structural is the syntatic structure of the sentence (means by which you turn lexical units into a sentence, sentence should be coherent, morphological means – morphemes, syntactic level – word order). Its structure, word order, the arrangement of words of the sentence, which depends on the type of the action, on its expressive charge and so on
The pragmatic aspect is connected with the use of sentence in discourse.
By the pragmatic aspect we mean the meaning of the sentence in a discourse (sometimes the semantic meaning of the sentence and its meaning in the sentence/ a discourse may be quite different).
An act of communication is a communicative type of sentence. Whether it’s a plain statement, question or it has insentic meaning. There are sentences of combined communicative type (Why should I care? – question, statement).
To conclude there are 4 different types of definition: 1) logical 2) psychological 3) structural (from the formal structure) 4) phonetic (from the phonetic pattern)
Old grammarians were more interested in classifying words into classes and relations, so were more interested in word groups. An important innovation was introduction of the notion sentence, which we find in John Brighton. The notion sentence analysis was introduced by Green in “First lessons of grammar”.
Every sentence has several main features:
a certain intonation structure (depends on the aim of the communication, its structure, grammatical type...)
a certain grammatical structure (the division into members of the sentence and their arrangement)
a certain communicative structure (the theme-rheme structure)
Every sentence is characterized by predication. Predication refers the utterance to reality. Formally predication is expressed through the categories of tense and mood: the temporal and the modal characteristics of the sentence are the most important ingredient parts of predication and the most important characteristic features of the sentence.