- •1) Грамматический строй языка. Особенности структуры английского языка.
- •2) Грамматическая категория. Основное / транспонированное значение.
- •3) Грамматическое значение. Грамматические формы и способы из образования.
- •Morphemes From the point of view what they mark
- •From the point of view of how they mark and what they consist in
- •4) Ранние работы
- •5) Нормативная грамматика
- •6) Научные грамматики
- •7) Новые грамматические школы
- •3) Generative semantics (важно значение отношений, а не форма)
- •8) Text linguistics (text grammar)
- •9) Parts of speech
- •10) The noun (general)
- •11) Категория числа существительного
- •12) Категория падежа существительного
- •13) Категория определенности / неопределенности существительного
- •14) Род существительного
- •15) Имя прилагательное
- •16) Наречие
- •17) Числительное
- •18) Местоимение
- •19) Глагол. Общая характеристика.
- •Classification of Verbs
- •20) Глагол. Личные и неличные формы
- •21) Категория вида. Способы передачи отдельных видовых значений в английском языке (повторность, начинательность).
- •22) Категория временной соотнесенности. Проблематика. Значения перфектных форм в связи с лексическим характером глагола. Предельные / непредельные глаголы (terminative / non-terminative)
- •23) Категория залога. Проблема залога.
- •24) Категория наклонения. Проблема сослагательного наклонения в английском языке.
- •25) Категории лица и числа. Проблема согласования сказуемого с подлежащим.
- •26) Категория времени. Проблема выделения временных оппозиций. Правила согласования времен.
- •Sequence of tenses in complex sentences
- •Sequence of tenses in sentences with object clauses Present or future in the main clause
- •Past tense in the main clause
- •The choice of a past tense in the object subordinate clause
- •27) Form words
- •28) Предложение. Основные признаки. Аспекты предложения.
- •29) Классификация предложения по разным признакам
- •30) Коммуникативное (актуальное) членение предложения. Способы выделения смыслового центра.
- •31) Порядок слов. Его роль и функции. Инверсия и перемещение.
- •32) Сложные предложения. Их типы. Способы связи их частей. Особенности английского сложного предложения.
- •33) Модальность. Основные группы модальных значений. Средства выражения модальности.
- •34) Словосочетание. Основные признаки. Типы. Виды (средства) связей.
- •35) Предикативные словосочетания (синтаксические комплексы)
- •36) Коммуникативные типы высказывания.
- •37) Типы грамматик
25) Категории лица и числа. Проблема согласования сказуемого с подлежащим.
These two categories (as verbal categories) are purely formal: they formally mark the relationship between the action and the doer (the recipient) of the action.
The categories of person and number are categories of agreement. The form depends on what it agrees with. There are cases when we should take into account some factors.
Subject-predicate agreement may depend on the form of the subject, the meaning of the noun which is the subject, the structure of the subject group, the theme-rheme structure of the sent and certain syntactic structures in which the subject and the predicate occur.
In English we should consider several factors:
formal agreement
the table is / the tables are
the semantic factor (the meaning of the subject and its structure)
the meaning of the noun:
nouns of multitude: people, police, cattle; (only with the verb in the plural – the agreement is purely semantic)
the subject is expressed by a group of nouns, which form a single idea, unit: Where is my hat and gloves?
semantic units – in the singular.
one noun – singular and plural: ham, family...
if they denote a multitude – in the plural }in British
if they are collective nouns – in the singular }English
in American English – in the singular
The subject – predicate agreement on the communicative structure of the sentence (the theme – rheme structure of the sentence) there is a strong tendency to agree the verb predicate with the communicative center:
Fools are my theme! (Byron)
But sometimes there may be hesitations stars was / were our only guide.
The form of the predicate depends on the syntactical construction in which the noun is used: in this case there is no general rule
1... as well as...
the teacher as well as the students was...
either... or – with the second noun
both... and... – go with the plural
It’s I who am to blame.
It is dictionaries that are needed.
26) Категория времени. Проблема выделения временных оппозиций. Правила согласования времен.
The idea of Tense is the clearest idea as it deals the physical (actual) time of the action. The category of Tense shows relative time: it is the time of the action as released to the time of the speaker’s being. Accordingly the Past tense shows that the action took place before the time of the speaker’s being. The Future tense shows that the action will follow the speaker’s being. As to the Present tense form is not so easy to identify its meaning. The idea of the Present may be as narrow as a particular point and as wide as centuries, as eras. The Present tense form shows that the time of the action and the time of the speaker’s being belong to the same time sphere.
There were discussions as to how to explain the structure of the grammatical category of tense: those who think that it is based on binary opposition think that it is based on the opposition Past/Non-Past. The Past is the strong member of the opposition. Non-Past is the weak member, by which they mean the Present (which may be used also for the past and the future) and one of the main arguments is that “shall, will + a verb” (infinitive construction) is not exactly a tense form.