Синтаксис

(Syntax)

Структура предложения

В английском языке, в отличие от русского, существует твердый порядок слов, изменение которого может привести к нарушению смысла предложения. Обычный порядок слов в повествовательном предложении таков:

I	II	III
My brother подлежащее (the Subject)	entered сказуемое (the Predicate)	the University дополнение (the Object)

Структура распространенного предложения может быть представлена следующим образом:

This year Обстоятельство времени

my brother подлежащее

successfully обстоятельство образа действия

entered сказуемое

the University дополнение

in Perm. Обстоятельство места

Слова, входящие в состав предложения и выполняющин синтаксическую функцию, являются членами предложения. Члены предложения делятся на главные и второстепенные. К главным членам предложения относятся подлежащее и сказуемое. К второстепенным – дополнение, определение и обстоятельство.

Каждый член предложения может расширяться за счет различного рода определителей, образуя развернутые группы подлежащего, сказуемого, дополнения, определения или обстоятельства. Наличие подлежащего и сказуемого обязательно в английском предложении.

EXERCISES

Придайте следующему ниже русскому тексту в выделенных местах структурный акцент английского повествовательного предложения, соответственно изменяя порядок слов. Для этого первоначально определите члены предложения, найдите группу подлежащего и группу сказуемого.

ИНТЕРПОЛ В ДЕЙСТВИИ

В последние годы в мире отмечается взрыв преступности. Ежегодно в США совершается 20 тысяч умышленных убийств, жертвами серьезных преступлений становятся 25 миллионов американских семей. Исчезают бесследно жертвы, будто бы испаряются в воздухе убийцы, бесшумно удаляются свидетели. Днем и ночью "работают" преступные корпорации, без шума, уверенно, чисто, "профессионально". Исключительно важным источником информации в борьбе с международной преступностью является Интерпол, его штаб-квартира в Сент-Клу. Оттуда как на ладони предстает сеть глубоководных гаваней и международных аэропортов, через которые передвигается большая часть лиц и товаров, составляющих главный интерес Интерпола. Сотрудниками Интерпола ежегодно передаются сотни тысяч радиосообщений, ведется работа над десятками тысяч дел, арестовываются тысячи преступников, что способствует борьбе с преступностью как общесоциальным злом.

EXERCISES

Ex. 1. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the word order.

1. He was arrested on coming out of his office.

2. Only in the later half of the 18^th century the term ”Police” came into common use.

3. Fighting crime is everybody’s job.

4. The detection, investigation and apprehension of narcotic manufacturers,

middlemen and pushers is the primary responsibility of the police personnel.

5. High treason is considered as the most serious crime in English law.

6. The function of the divisional inspector is to help the investigator and the operative

in their work.

7. In the case of serious crime the officer may use all necessary means of arrest.

8. On September 28, 1990 our state became the 151^st member of International

Criminal Police Organization – Interpol.

9. A lawyer should be a perfect expert in laws and their proper usage.

10. In 1829 the British Police was established.

Ex. 2. Correct the sentences which are wrong.

Examples: I like children very much. RIGHT

Tom walks every morning to work. WRONG – to work every morning.

1. Jim doesn't like very much football.

2. Ann drives every day her car to work.

3. When I heard the news, I phoned Tom immediately.

4. Maria speaks very well English.

5. After eating quickly my dinner, I went out.

6. You watch all the time television. Can't you do something else?

7. Jim smokes about 20 cigarettes every day.

8. I think I'll go early to bed tonight.

9. You should go to the dentist every six months.

10. When I heard the alarm, I got immediately out of bed.

11. Did you learn a lot of things at school today?

12. How many people do you know who go on Sundays to church?

Ex. 3. Put the parts of a sentence in the correct order.

Example: (children / very much /1 like) I like children very much

1. (he won / easily / the game) He won … .

2. (again / please don't ask / that question) Please … .

3. (football / every week-end / does Ken play?) Does … ?

4. (quietly / the door /1 closed) I … .

5. (his name / after a few minutes /1 remembered) I … .

6. (a letter to her parents / Ann writes / every week). Ann … .

7. (at the top of the page / your name / please write). Plase … .

8. (some interesting books / we found / in the library) Wee … .

9. (opposite the park / a new hotel / they are building). They … .

10. (to the bank / every Friday /1 go) I go … .

11. (home /why did you come / so late?) Why … ?

12. (around the town / all morning / I've been walking) I’ve … .

13. (recently/to the theatre / have you been?)

14. (to London / for a few days next week / I'm going) I am … .

15. (on Saturday night /1 didn't see you / at the party) I … .

Отрицательные предложения образуются путем прибавления частицы not к первому вспомогательному глаголу (don’t, doesn’t, didn’t, haven’t hadn’t). Глаголы to be и to have прибавляют частицу not к своим личным формам (am not, isn’t, aren’t, wasn’t, weren’t, haven’t, etc.). В английском языке, в отличие от русского, может быть только одно отрицание.

I don’t see anybody in the street. Я никого не вижу на улице.

Nobody is seen in the street. На улице никого не видно.

Вопросительные предложения. В общем вопросе (вопрос, относящийся ко всему предложению) на первом месте, перед подлежащим, ставится (вспомогательный) глагол.

Is your friend a student?

Does she go to school?

Общий вопрос, как правило, требует краткого ответа, начинающегося со слова yes или no, за которым следует подлежащее, выраженное соответствующим местоимением, и вспомогательный глагол.

Does he study English?

Yes, he does (No, he does not).

Специальный вопрос начинается с вопросительного слова (what, when, why, where и т.д.) и требует полного ответа. Вспомогательный глагол ставится между вопросительным словом и подлежащим.

Where does your friend go?

What is your friend?

Вопрос к подлежащему или его определению требует прямого порядка слов.

Who goes to our school?

Whose friend studies law?

Разделительный вопрос: вопрос с «не так ли?».

You are a lawyer, aren’t you?

You are not a lawyer, are you?

He studies law, doesn’t he?

He didn’t work as a judge, did he?

Утвердительное предложение “в хвостике” имеет частицу not, в отрицательном предложении – частица not отсутствует.

Альтернативный вопрос: выбор одного из ряда подобных.

Is it your book or his?

Are you English or American?

Do you speak English or French?

Does he study law or medicine?

EXERCISES

Ex. 1. Make the sentences negative.

1. I have English classes every day. 2. My family has a good flat. 3. My friend is a judge. 4. I study Management. 5. Two years ago I lived in Japan. 6. Next year I’ll graduate from the Academy. 7. This lieutenant is a good detective. 8. He could prove the alibi of the suspect. 9. My friend speaks five foreign languages. 10. She will get a diploma of a lawyer in two years.

Ex. 2. Translate into Russian paying attention to the ways of expressing negation in English.

1. It is never too late to learn.

2. Wealth is nothing without health.

3. The police have no evidence against this suspect.

4. A good criminalist never forgets to use a modern crime technique during crime

scene search.

5. He said he would contact me but he neither wrote nor phoned.

6. Our law declares that no man may be tried for the same offence more than once.

7. A criminal investigation is not ended until it has found suspects if the corpus

delicti is established.

8. As neither the procurator nor the defendant made any appeals to a higher court

within the time limit established by law, the sentence acquired legal force.

Ex. 3. Make the sentences interrogative. Try all types of questions.

1. He is a police officer. 2. He studies jurisprudence. 3. He came to Perm last year. 4. His family is small. 5. He can speak English. 6. He works in the police. 7. He will become a lawyer in two years.

Ex. 4. Test yourself. Choose the right variant, observing word order.

1. the theatre - go - often - very - we – to

A. We go to the theatre very often.

В. We very often go to the theatre.

С. Very often we go to the theatre.

2. drink -coffee -I -usually - strong -don't

A. I usually don' t drink strong coffee.

В. I don't usually drink strong coffee.

С. I don' t drink strong coffee usually.

3. doing - men - what - those - are?

A. What are those men doing?

В. What are doing those men?

С. What those men are doing?

4. the news - yesterday - saw - television -I - on

A. I yesterday saw the news on television.

В. I saw on television the news yesterday.

С. Yesterday I saw the news on television.

5. the novel - much -I - very - liked

A. I very much liked the novel.

В. I liked very much the novel.

С. I liked the novel very much.

6. to - came - the office - he - yesterday - taxi - by

A. He came by taxi to the office yesterday.

В. Не came to the office by taxi yesterday.

С. Yesterday he came by taxi to the office.

7. the table - and - on - is - there - two - a book - pens

A. There is a book and two pens on the table

В. There is two pens and a book on the table

С. On the table there is a book and two pens

8. tell - didn't - me - you - the truth - why ?

A. Why you didn't tell me the truth?

В. Why didn't you tell me the truth?

С. Why didn't you tell the truth me?

9. where -me - could - is - the market - you - tell

A. Could you tell me where the market is?

В. Could you tell me where is the market?

10. airport - 10 p.m. - you'll - the - at - at - arrive

A. You'll arrive at the airport at 10 p.m.

В. You'll arrive at 10 p.m. at the airport.

С. At the airport you'll arrive at 10 p.m.