Страдательный залог (Passive Voice)

Страдательный залог показывает, что подлежащее пассивно, то есть не обозначает деятеля, а обозначает лицо и предмет, на которое это действие направлено.

Страдательный залог образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени, лице и числе и Participle II смыслового глагола.

Таблица 6

Страдательный залог времен группы Simple

(to be + Participle II)

Число	Past	Present	Future
1	2	3	4
Ед. ч.	I was asked	I am asked	I shall be asked
	Меня спросили	Меня спрашивают	Меня спросят
	You were asked	You are asked	You will be asked
	He was asked	He is asked	He will be asked
	She was asked	She is asked	She will be asked
	Past	Present	Future
Мн. ч.	We were asked	We are asked	We shall be asked
	You were asked	You are asked	You will be asked
	They were asked	They are asked	They will be asked

The criminal was caught by the policeman. Преступник был пойман.

His new book is much spoken about. О его новой книге много говорят.

EXERCISES

Ex. 1. Read and translate the sentences.

1. Moscow was founded in 1147. 2. Many problems were debated at the last session

of Parliament. 3. This enterprise will be reconstructed next year. 4. This city was completely destroyed during the World War II. 5. The city of Perm is situated on the both banks of the Kama River. 6. What places of interest will be visited by you tomorrow? 7. These texts are not translated by me. 8. Was this lecture attended by the first-year students? 9. The criminal was caught by the policeman. 10. The contracts were prepared by the lawyer. 11. English is spoken all over the world. 12. The thief was shot by a policeman. 13. He will be examined by the doctor. 14. A new road will be built soon.

Ex. 2. Make up the sentences passive.

Example. (пример):

My friend sent me a new book. (Active). Мой друг послал мне новую

книгу.

I was sent a new book. (Passive) Мне послали новую книгу.

или

A new book was sent to me. (Passive) Новую книгу прислали мне.

1. We learnt many new English words at last English lesson. 2. Everybody knows the Tower of London. 3. The teacher asked the students to prepare for the seminar in Criminal Law. 4. This professor will deliver a lecture on the “Judicial System of the UK” tomorrow. 5. She writes articles in Spanish. 6. They print books in Boston. 7. Columbus discovered America in 1492. 8. John saw the accident. 9. Mr Brown interrupted him. 10. They study law at University.

Ex. 3. Write sentences from the words in brackets ( ). All the sentences are Present.

1. (this room / clean / every day) This room is cleaned every day________________

2. (how often / the room /clean?) How often is the room cleaned________________?

3. (glass / make / from sand) Glass ________________________________________

4. (stamps / sell / in a post office) _________________________________________

5. (football / play / in most countries) ______________________________________

6. (this machine / not / use / very often) ____________________________________

7. (what language / speak / in Ethiopia?) What _____________________________?

8. (what / this machine / use / for?) _______________________________________?

Ex. 4. Write sentences from the words in brackets ( ). All the sentences are Past.

1. (the room / clean / yesterday) The room was cleaned yesterday________________

2. (when / the room / clean?) When was the room cleaned ?

3. (this room / paint / last month) This room ________________________________

4. (these houses / build / about 50 years ago) ________________________________

5. (Ann's bicycle / steal / last week) _______________________________________

6. (three people / injure / in the accident) ___________________________________

7. (when / this church / build?) When ____________________________________?

8. (when / television / invent?) ___________________________________________?

9. (how / the window / break?) __________________________________________?

10. (anybody / injure / in the accident?) ___________________________________?

11. (why / the letter / send / to the wrong address?) __________________________?

Ex. 5. Complete the sentences. Use the passive (Present or Past) of these verbs:

blow, build, clean, damage, find, invent, make, make, pay, show, speak, steal.

1. The room is cleaned every day.

2. Two trees were blown down in the storm last night.

3. Paper _______________ from wood.

4. There was a fire at the hotel last week. Two rooms ______________________

5. Many different languages _____________________ in India.

6. These houses are very old. They _____________________ about 500 years ago.

7. Many American programmes _______________________ on British television.

8. 'Is this a very old film?' 'Yes, it ____________________ in 1949.'

9. My car _______________________ last week. The next day it _______________ by the police.

10. The transistor ____________________ in 1948.

11. She has a very good job. She ___________________ £3000 a month.

Страдательный залог времен группы Progressive

Образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени, лице и числе, Participle I глагола to be (being) + Participle II смыслового глагола. Формы Future Progressive Passive не существует.

Таблица 7

Тип предложения	Past	Present	Future
1	2	3	4
+	was + being + PII were	Are am + being + PII is	—
-	Was + not + being + PII were	Are am + not + being + PII is	—
?	Was + подл. + being + PII were	Are am + подл. + being + PII is	—

This problem is being discussed now Эта проблема обсуждается сейчас

in the press. в прессе.

These problems were being discussed В течение многих месяцев эти

for many months by all lawyers. проблемы обсуждались

всеми юристами.

EXERCISES

Ex. 1. Read and translate the sentences.

1. Many young people from different foreign countries are being trained at various

higher educational establishments of our country. 2. Their initiatives on peace are being supported in the world. 3. When a new bill was being debated many proposals were taken into account. 4. This problem was being studied for a long time. 5. This serious crime is being investigated by a very experienced investigator. 6. This case was being heard in our district court for 3 days. 7. The boy was being questioned by the police. 8. Police cars were being attacked and firemen were being stoned by a large group of youths. 9. Ann was being asked when I entered the room where the students were being examined. 10. I know that two new houses are being built near the railway bridge.

Ex. 2. Complete the sentences with the correct passive forms of the Present and Past Progressive.

1. Mr. Rice is teaching our class today.

→ Our class is being taught by Mr. Rice today.

2. Someone is building a new house on Elm Street.

→ A new house ___________________ on Elm Street.

3. The Smith Construction Company is building that house.

→ That house _____________________ by the Smith Construction Company.

4. We couldn't use our classroom yesterday because someone was painting it.

→ We couldn't use our classroom yesterday because it ________________________.

5. Someone is organizing a student trip to the art museum.

→ A student trip to the art museum _______________________________________.

6. Dogs usually wag their tails while people are petting them.

→ Dogs usually wag their tails while they __________________________________.

7. Many of the older people in the neighborhood were growing vegetables to help with the war effort.

→ Vegetables _____________________________ by many of the older people in the neighborhood to help with the war effort.

8. According to one scientific estimate, we are losing 20,000 species of plants and animals each year due to the destruction of rainforests.

→ According to one scientific estimate, 20,000 species of plants and animals _______________________ each year due to the destruction of rainforests.

Ex. 3. Present progressive passive. Imagine you are in a busy hotel at midday. Make sentences to say what is being done, using words from the two boxes and the Present Progressive Passive.

Example: Beds are being made.

beds bulls coffee drinks food luggage money new guests reservations rooms tables

bring down change clean lay make order pay prepare serve take welcome

Страдательный залог времен группы Perfect

Образуется из сочетания вспомогательного глагола to be в cоответствующей временной форме Perfect с причастием прошедшего времени (Participle II) смыслового глагола.

Таблица 13

Тип предло-жения	Past	Present	Future
+	had + been + PII	Have + been + PII has	shall + have been + PII will
-	had + not been + PII	Have + not been + PII has	shall + not + have been + PII will
?	had + подл.+ been + PII	Have + подл. + been + PII has	shall + подл. + have been + PII will

This work has just been finished. Эта работа только что закончена.

This work had been finished by the Эта работа была закончена к концу

end of the last year. прошлого года.

This work will not have been finished Эта работа не будет закончена к

by the end of this week. концу этой недели.

EXERCISES

Ex. 1. Read and translate the sentences.

1. The English judicial system has been made by judges and Parliaments. 2. This young man became a good investigator after many serious crimes had been examined by him. 3. The power of veto has not been used by the Queen over two hundred years. 4. The sentence will not have been passed by the end of the first day of the trial. 5. A police officer has been granted legal authority by a governmental body. 6. Last century has been marked by periodic crime waves of great intensity. 7. The investigation will have been completed by the end of the month. 8. All the work has been finished. 9. The problem has been discussed. 10. The work will have been completed by the end of this week. 11. He hasn’t been seen for a long time.

Ex. 2. Present Perfect Passive. Imagine that, rich and famous, you return to your old home town after fifty years. A lot of things are different. Make sentences, using words from the boxes and the Present Perfect Passive.

Example: The café Royal has been turned into a casino.

Café Royal houseboats new car park new schools opera house old fire station ring road station streets town centre statue of you Super Cinema your house

build modernise put up in park rebuild widen turn into casino / floating restaurants / museum / supermarket / theatre / pedestrian precinct

Ex. 3. Write passive sentences.

1. Chinese (speak) in Singapore.

2. The Taj Mahal (build) around 1640.

3. The new hospital (open) next year.

4. She (interview) now.

5. I realised I (follow).

6. (you invite) to Andy's party?

7. He found that all his money (steal).

8. These computers (make) in Korea.

9. Passengers (ask) not to speak to the driver.

10. Sorry about the noise – the road (mend).

11. The village church (burn down) last year.

12. A Roman pavement (just find) under Oxford Street.

Ex. 4. Make the sentences passive. Use by … only if it is necessary to say who does/did the action.

1. Shakespeare wrote 'Hamlet'.

2. They have arrested her for shoplifting.

3. They are repairing your car now.

4. People in Chile speak Spanish.

5. Has anybody asked Peter?

6. My mother made this ring.

7. Electricity drives this car.

8 Somebody will tell you where to go.

9. A drunken motorist knocked her down.

10. Liverpool beat Manchester 3-0 yesterday.

11. The Chinese invented paper.

12. You need hops to make beer.

13. They don't sell stamps in bookshops.

14. The directors are still considering your application.

Ex. 5. Complete the sentences with the correct forms of the verbs in parentheses.

Almost everyone (enjoy) enjoys visiting a zoo. Today zoos are common.

¹

The first zoo (establish) _________________ around 3500 years ago by an Egyptian

²

queen for her personal enjoyment. Five hundred years later, a Chinese emperor (establish) _______________ a huge zoo to show his power and wealth. Later zoos

³

(establish) _____________________ for the purpose of studying animals.

⁴

Some of the early European zoos were dark holes or dirty cages. At that time, people (disgust) ________________ by the bad conditions and the mistreatment of

⁵

the animals. Later, these early zoos (replace) ___________________ by scientific

⁶

institutions where animals (study) _________________ and (keep) ______________

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in good condition. These research centers (become) __________________ the first

⁹

modern zoos.

As early as the 1940s, scientists (understand) _______________________ that

¹⁰

many kinds of wild animals faced extinction. Since that time, zoos (try) ___________

¹¹

_____________ to save many endangered species, but relying on zoos to save species such as the rhinoceros is not enough. In the 1980s, the number of rhinos in the world (reduce) _____________________ from 10,000 to 400. Many rhinos (kill)

¹²

______________________ by poachers, but many also (die) _____________ in

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captivity. Zoo breeding programs for rhinos have not been successful. The best method of conservation (be) ____________________ to leave them in their natural

¹⁵

habitat. By 1999, there (be) _________________ more than 13,000 rhinos again

¹⁶

living in the wild. These rhinos (save) ___________________ from extinction by the

¹⁷

strong conservation methods of local communities, government agencies, and private landowners. Wildlife biologists still fear that some subspecies of the rhino in Africa and Indonesia (become) _____________________ extinct in the near future. Some

¹⁸

scientists (believe) _________________ that half of all animal species in zoos will

¹⁹

also be in danger of extinction by the middle of this century.

Because zoos want to treat animals humanely and encourage breeding, today animals (put) ______________ in large, natural settings instead of small cages. They

²⁰

(watch) ________________________ carefully for any signs of disease and (feed)

²¹

_________________________ a balanced diet. Most zoos (have) _______________

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specially trained veterinarians and a hospital for animals.

They also have specially trained keepers. Food (prepare) _________________

²⁴

in the zoo kitchen. The food program (design) __________________ to satisfy the

²⁵

animals’ particular needs. For example, some snakes (feed) _________________

²⁶

only once a week, while some birds (feed) _________________________ several

²⁷

times a day. Today zoo animals (treat) __________________________ well, and zoo

²⁸

breeding programs are important in the attempt to save many species of wildlife.