Модальные глаголы

(Modals)

Модальные глаголы не обозначают действия, а выражают только отношение к действию, то есть необходимость, возможность, вероятность и т.д. совершения действия.

Таблица 9

Can (could) - to be able to - May (might) - to be allowed to - Must - to have to - to be to - should, ought to - need not -

мочь, уметь мочь, быть в состоянии сделать можно (разрешение), возможно (вероятность) должен, нужно, следует должен, приходится (в силу необходимости) должен, нужно (в соответствии с планом, договоренностью) должен, следует (в плане рекомендации) не нужно (нет необходимости)

EXERCISES

Ex.1. Read and translate the sentences.

1. You must work hard at your English. 2. Can you speak English well? 3. He is free

and may go home. 4. Who can help him? 5. In this part of the city you may see many historical monuments. 6. At our next seminar we are to discuss this problem. 7. I shall be able to do this work in time if you help me. 8. You should come to this place at 7 o’clock, not later. 9. You need not come here tomorrow. 10. You needn’t ask him for help, I can help you. 11. May I watch television tonight? – Yes, you may. 12. He shouldn’t drive his car too fast. 13. Should I call the police? 14. She can speak English, but she can’t speak Spanish. 15. They will be able to swim. 16. Can I park my car here? – No, you can’t. It is a no parking zone. 17. Could you help me, please? 18. They could walk faster when they were younger. 19. She must leave immediately. 20. I had to go to hospital. 21. I can hear you quite clearly. You needn’t shout. 22. Tom ought not to drive. He is too tired. 23. We are to be there at nine o’clock.

Ex. 2. Express the same idea using modal verbs. Use must, mustn't,

should,shouldn't needn't, may, can, may not.

Model: It's not necessary to worry about her. She is fine. - You needn't worry about her. She is fine.

1. It's necessary for you to eat less to lose weight. You ___ eat less to lose weight. 2. It is against the law to feed the animals in the zoo. You ___ feed the animals in the zoo. 3. Perhaps she is at the University. She ___ be at the University. 4. It's a good idea to see a doctor about it. You ___ see a doctor about it. 5. It's a good idea to exercise more. You ___ exercise more. 6. It's against the law to drive without a license. You ___ drive without a license. 7. It's not necessary to get up yet, because there's no school today. You __ get up yet, because there's no school today. 8. Will you allow me to go home earlier? I go home earlier? 9. It's not advisable to drive at more than 50 km/h in town. You ___ drive at more than 50 km/h in town.10. Some people are capable of running very fast. Some people run very fast.

Ex. 3. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. I had to prepare for my coming exam yesterday. 2. I am tired. I must go to bed early. 3 John has to go to school on Saturdays. 4. This a great book. I must read it. 5. A soldier has to obey orders. 6. Passengers must not speak to the driver. 7. You don't have to pay for your tickets now. 8. May I use your dictionary? 9. She may be at the University now. 10. How can you complain about higher taxes? 11. Can I have a look at this? 12. We can't answer any questions, I'm afraid. 13. I am to be at the University in 15 minutes, the first class begins at 8.30. 14. I was to send him a letter. 15. If she practices her English more, she will be able to pass her exam.

Ex. 4. Complete this article about learning to drive in Britain. Put in a positive or negative form of be allowed to or have to.

in Britain you ___ drive a car when you're seventeen. You ___ get a special two-year driving licence before you can start. When you're learning, someone with a full licence always ___ be in the car with you because you ___ take the car on the road alone. You ___ go to a driving school — a friend can teach you. The person with you ___ take money for the lesson unless he's got a teacher's licence.

Before you ___ have a full licence, you ___ take a driving test. You can take a test in your own car, but it ___ be fit for the road. In the test you ___ drive round for about half an hour and then answer a few questions. If you don't pass the test, you ___ take it again a few weeks later if you want to. In 1970 a woman passed her fortieth test after 212 driving lessons! When you've passed your test, you ___ take it again, and you ___ go on driving as long as you like, provided you are fit. Britain's oldest driver was a Norfolk man who drove in 1974 at the age of 100.

Before 1904 everyone ___ drive, even children. Then from 1904 motorist ___ have a licence. But they ___ take a test until 1935. In the early days of motoring, before 1878, cars ___ go faster than four miles an hour and someone ___ walk in front of the car with a red flag.