Глагол. Основные формы глагола

to V V2f V3f V+ing

Система времен глагола

TENSE			VOICE
Key	Name	Signal words	Active	Passive
Facts	Present Simple	Usually, always, sometimes, seldom, every day...	V or V+s (he, she, it)	am is + V(3f) are
	Past Simple	Yesterday, last...., ....ago, in 1997, the other day...	V+ ed (2f)	was 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000were + V(3f)
	Future Simple	Tomorrow, next...., in some time, one of these days...	shall will + V	shall, will + be + V(3f)
Process	Present Progressive	Now, at this mo­ment	am is + Ving are	am is being + V(3f) are
	Past Progressive	Yesterday at 3 o' clock, all day long, when, while...	was were + Ving	was were + being + V(3f)
	Future Progresive	Tomorrow at 3 o'clock, all day tomorrow, while...	shall will + be + Ving	_
Result	Present Perfect	Already, just, yet, ever, this week, year, month, lately, recently...	have has + V(3f)	have has + been + V(3f)
	Past Perfect	Before, after, by the end of last year,hardly. . .when	had + V(3f)	had been + V(3f)
	Future Perfect	By next week...	shall will + have + V(3f)	shall +have + been will +V(3f)
Period	Present Perfect Progressive	Since, for a year.., how long?	have has + been + Ving	_
	Past Perfect Progressive	For some time be­fore ... when (as)	had + been + Ving	_
	Future Perfect Progressive	For some time by next May...	shall have + been will + Ving	_

СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ

1. Marcel Berlins, Clare Dyer. The Law Machine, London, Penguin books, Fifth Edition, 2000

2. Geoffrey Rivlin. Understanding the Law, Oxford, Oxford University Press, Fourth Edition, 2006

3. Richard Powell. Law Today. Longman Group UK Ltd.,1993

4. Электронные ресурсы:

http://www.worldlingo.com

http://www.West’sEncyclopedia of American Law Answers.com

http://www.Wikipedia.com

http://www.funquizcards.com

http://www.gourt.com

http://www.jobsearch.about.com

http://www.legalcareers.about.com

http://www.about.com

http://www.your-career-change.com

http://www.wikihow.com

http://www.career.vt.edu

http://www.blgs.gov.hmt

http://www.answers.com – энциклопедия

http://www.educationworld.com/a_lesson/dailylp/dailylp/dailylp081.shtml – lesson plan “Crazy Laws: There Must Have Been a Good Reason?”

http://loonylaws.com - Loony Laws (outrageous city ordinances and silly state statutes).

http://archive.kremlin.ru/eng/articles/ConstIntro01.shtml — President of Russia (official website). The Constitution of Russia.

http://www.whitehouse.gov/our-government/legislative-branch — the White House website.

http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/laws/ - UK Parliament website.

http://gup.narod.ru/laba3/Ponjatie/PonEmailn.htm#1 - Понятие об электронной почте.

Rebecca Chapman. Oxford Business English. English for Emails. Express Series.

TEST

Task 1

1. Read the text and fill in the missing words from the list below.

The English word 'law' refers to limits upon various ___1_______. Some laws are ___2______: they simply describe how people, or even natu­ral phenomena, usually behave. An example is the rather consistent law of gravity; another is the less consistent laws of economics. Other laws are ______3_____ — they prescribe how people ought to behave. For example, the speed limits imposed upon drivers that prescribe how fast we should drive. They rarely describe how fast we actually do drive, of course.

In all societies, relations between people are regulated by prescriptive laws. Some of them are ____4____ — that is, informal rules of social and moral behavior. Some are __5_____ we accept if we belong to particular social insti­tutions, such as religious, educational and cultural groups. And some are precise laws made by nations and enforced against all citizens within their power.

Customs need not to be made by ___6______, and they need not be written down. We learn how we are expected to ___7____ in society through the instruction of family and teachers, the advice of friends, and our expe­riences in dealing with strangers. Sometimes, we can ___8____ these rules with­out suffering any penalty. But if we continually break the rules, or break a very important one, other members of society may ridicule us, act violently toward us or refuse to have anything to do with us. The ways in which people talk, eat and drink, work, and relax together are usually called cus­toms.

Members of every ____9_____ have made laws for themselves in self-pro­tection. If it were not for the law, you could not go out in daylight without the fear of being kidnapped, robbed or murdered. In the absence of law you could only rely upon _____10________.

Every country tries, therefore, to provide laws, which will help its peo­ple to live safely and comfortably. This is not at all an easy thing to do. No country has been successful in producing laws, which are entirely satisfac­tory. But the imperfect laws are better than none.

_______________________________________________________________________

forms of behavior, descriptive, prescriptive, customs, rules, governments, behave, break, community, the law of the jungle.

Task 2

For the text above choose the best heading from the variants below.

1. The types of law.

2. Laws and customs.

3. The need for law.

4. Law and society.

Task 3

Describe the differences between the two types of laws described in the text in your own words and give your examples of them.

Task 4

Draw the lines so as to separate the words.

People/prescribedriveeducationalrulesmoralpowernationscustomsinstructioneducationalstrangers successfuleatbreakeasykidnappedotherexpe­riencebetterentirely.

Task 5

Translate the following words and find them in the word search:

закон, обычай, общество, правила, наказание, несовершенный, описывать, семья, гражданин, явления.

c

o

p

k

y

t

i

r

u

t

a

m

a

q

c

e

k

l

e

l

r

u

y

u

t

a

s

q

x

r

p

w

u

р

v

j

k

d

o

z

n

u

s

h

i

n

y

a

l

a

e

c

e

l

h

a

b

l

m

a

f

y

l

t

w

l

s

t

a

e

v

b

t

c

i

e

t

s

e

r

k

a

p

e

o

p

p

x

l

a

n

k

i

a

t

e

n

u

t

s

n

k

c

l

s

m

q

v

g

a

n

p

k

r

t

f

n

o

b

o

a

f

r

g

b

o

g

e

c

l

n

q

u

i

c

f

u

n

m

s

b

r

h

s

h

y

i

n

i

i

g

e

w

c

y

s

e

m

a

e

d

l

a

w

r

a

i

l

i

u

t

o

p

d

t

d

e

m

p

f

n

b

n

q

m

z

d

o

l

t

d

i

x

o

s

t

e

d

s

a

o

a

l

b

a

i

d

n

t

u

a

y

z

w

m

b

e

f

a

m

i

l

y

u

p

p

l

y

r

a

b

l

s

e

g

e

x

p

a

j

f

w

e

s

o

c

i

e

t

y

g

d

u

j

n

h

i

m

p

e

r

f

e

c

t

n

t

a

x

g

t

s

l

c

b

v

j

m

a

r

d

q

m

h

p

c

d

e

j

n

b

b

l

o

Task 6

1. People regulate their relations by prescriptive laws.

2. Government enforces laws against all citizens within their powers.

3. Members of the society have made laws to live safely and comfortably.

4. People described many natural phenomena.

5. He broke the rules of behavior and suffered a penalty.

Task 7

1. It is the lower chamber of the Parliament, first time elected on December 12, 1993. Simultaneously the new Constitution adoption referendum was conducted. It is elected for four years, but may be prematurely dismissed by the President in the cases stipulated by the Constitution. The basic powers are listed in article 103 of the Constitution.

2. Parliament is a bicameral legislative body. The lower chamber is comprised of 659 Members of Parliament (MPs). The upper house is comprised of 92 hereditary peers (both elected and appointed), 695 life peers, and 26 bishops.

3. It is the highest lawmaking body in the country and one of the oldest national legislatures in the world. It consists of two houses. A member of the upper house is referred to as a senator.

41