- •Министерство финансов Российской Федерации
- •Утверждено и рекомендовано решением
- •В качестве учебного пособия
- •Введение
- •Chapter I law Unit 1 Introduction to Law
- •Introduction to Law
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •The Aims of Law
- •In trouble with the law law-abiding my word is law
- •Unit 2 What Law Is
- •What Is Law?
- •Social Morality, Rules and Laws
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Chapter II sources of law Unit 3 Sources of English Law
- •Sources of English Law
- •The Principal Sources
- •The Subsidiary Sources
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Unit 4 Sources of Modern Law
- •Text a Historical and Political Background
- •Text b Common Law Systems
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Text c Common Law and Equity
- •Historical Development
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Text d Sources of American Law
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Text e Continental Systems
- •For You to Remember
- •Sources of Civil Law
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Chapter III constitutions Unit 5 The History of Constitution
- •Vocabulary
- •Text b Characteristics of Constitutions
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Unit 6 British Constitution
- •The Nature of the Constitution
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Unit 7 us Constitution
- •Founding of the United States
- •Vocabulary
- •13 States convention written constitution
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Unit 8 The Constitution of the Russian Federation
- •The New Russian Constitution
- •Amendments to the Constitution
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Chapter IV the system of government Unit 9 The British Government of Today
- •Text a The Governmental Model
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •1) Государственная власть
- •2) Управление, руководство
- •3) Форма правления, государственное устройство, политический строй
- •4) Правительство, правительственный аппарат
- •Text b The British Parliament
- •Vocabulary
- •Parliamentary Control
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •The System of Government
- •The House of Commons
- •Parliamentary Debates
- •Text c Law-making Process in the uk
- •Stages of a Government Bill
- •The House of Commons
- •The House of Lords
- •The Royal Assent
- •Bill And Law
- •How Bills Go through Parliament
- •Vocabulary
- •Making New Law
- •Types of Bills
- •Vocabulary task
- •Text d The Prime Minister and the Cabinet
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Text e The Role of the Monarch in Britain
- •Vocabulary
- •The Richest Woman in the World
- •Vocabulary task
- •Unit 10 The American Government of Today
- •System of Government in the United States
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Unit 11 The System of Checks and Balances
- •Vocabulary
- •Checks and balances
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Checks and Balances
- •Unit 12 Law-making Process in the usa
- •Text a The Concept of Bicameral Legislature
- •How Congress Makes Laws
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Text b The Political System of the usa
- •The Political System
- •The Constitution
- •Federalism
- •State and Local Government
- •Three Branches of Government
- •Two-Party System
- •Unit 13 The State System of Russia. The Parliament of the Russian Federation
- •Text a The State System of Russia
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Text b The Parliament of the Russian Federation
- •Vocabulary
- •Article 97
- •Article 98
- •Article 99
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Chapter V law enforcement Unit 14 Law Enforcement Bodies
- •Text a Role of Government
- •Text b Role of Police Force
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Unit 15 Enforcing the Law in Britain
- •Text a The English Legal System
- •Vocabulary
- •Text b The British Police
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Identify showing murder investigation found dead
- •Unit 16 Law Enforcement in the usa
- •Text a Protecting the Rights of the Accused
- •Text b Police Technology in the usa
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Federal Bureau of Investigation
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Unit 17 Law Enforcement in the Russian Federation
- •Text a Law Enforcement of Today
- •Vocabulary
- •Text b Application of Law Enforcement
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Chapter VI the courts Unit 18 The Court System of the uk
- •Text a Judicial Institutions
- •Text b Classification of the English Courts
- •Text c The Hierarchy of the Courts
- •Restrictions
- •Vocabulary
- •It is useful to know
- •For you to know
- •5) Cause – судебный процесс, судебное дело, тяжба
- •6) Controversy – гражданский судебный процесс, правовой спор,
- •7) Process – судебный процесс, процедура, порядок, производство дел, судопроизводство, процессуальные нормы
- •8) Proceeding(s) – судебный процесс, рассмотрение дела в суде, судебное разбирательство, судебная процедура, производство по делу, судопроизводство
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Text d Courts of England and Wales
- •Judicial organization
- •Unit 19 The u.S. Court System
- •Text a Understanding the u.S. Court System
- •State Courts
- •A Typical State Judicial System
- •Federal Courts
- •Text b Jurisdictions of the Federal and State Court Systems
- •The Federal Judicial System
- •9 Justices
- •12 Circuits
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Text c The Miranda Warning
- •Vocabulary
- •Unit 20 The Court System of the Russian Federation
- •The Court Structure
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Text b Jurisdiction of Courts
- •The Constitutional Court
- •Jurisdiction of the Courts of General Jurisdiction
- •The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Text c The Courts of the Subjects of the Russian Federation
- •Text d The Arbitrazh Court of the Russian Federation.
- •Jurisdiction of the Federal Arbitrazh Circuit Court as the Court of the First Instance
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary tasks
- •Opening remarks at Meeting with the Judges of the Russian Court
- •Contents
- •Legal English - 1
Vocabulary
background n 1 предыстория; предпосылки; исходная ситуация; 2 фон |
beneficiary n бенефициарий (получатель доходов/ выгод от имущества, находящегося в доверительном управлении) |
break a contract v нарушить контракт /договор |
claim n 1 требование; 2 заявление |
common law n 1 общее право (как прецедентное право в отличие от статутного права); 2 общее право, англосаксонское право (в отличие от континентального права)щее право, англосаксонское право статустного праваравленииble to do Latin America and many countries in Asia and Africa whic); 3 общее право Англии, обычно common law of England (как совокупность прецедентного и статутного права) |
common-law court n суд общего права |
comprehensive adj понятный |
continental law n континентально-европейское право; syn Roman (Civil) law римское право |
damages n возмещение убытков |
equitable adj справедливый |
equity n 1 справедливость; 2 право справедливости; equity court суд “права справедливости”, суд системы “права справедливости” |
fraud n мошенничество, обман; business fraud мошенничество в бизнесе |
guilt n вина; виновность |
innocence n невиновность |
justice n 1 правосудие; 2 справедливость; system of justice система правосудия |
lord chancellor, Lord Chancellor n Лорд-канцлер (главное судебное должностное лицо, спикер палаты лордов, член кабинета министров) |
performance n исполнение; specific performance реальное исполнение |
precise adj точный |
promote v способствовать; содействовать |
pursue v преследовать; искать в суде |
regarding adv относительно |
retain v сохранять |
ruling n 1 решение (суда); 2 издание норм, правил; court rulings решения суда |
seek (sought, sought) v добиваться; требовать |
stare decisis [`sta:ri di`saisis] лат. following precedent “стоять на решённом” (формула функционирования и развития права на основе судебных прецедентов); обязывающая сила прецедентов |
theft n кража; computer theft кража с использованием компьютера |
trust n траст, доверительный фонд |
Reading tasks
Comprehension check
A Read the text to decide whether the statements below are true (T) or false (F).
1 The law in England is the same as the law in France. _______
2 English law has evolved gradually. _______
3 Most of English law has been codified. _______
4 The common law was developed by the judges. _______
5 All the courts in the system are of equal authority. _______
B Study the following definitions of COMMON LAW. Translate them into Russian.
TEXT 1: Roger Bird, Osborne's Concise Law Dictionary, Seventh Edition
common law. That part of the law of England formulated, developed and administered by the old common law courts, based originally on the common customs of the country, and unwritten. It is opposed to equity (the body of rules administered by the Court of Сhancery1); to statute law (the law laid down in Acts of Parliament); to special law (the law administered in special courts such as ecclesiastical law, and the law merchant); and to the civil law (the law of Rome).
It is 'the commonsense of the community, crystallised and formulated by our forefathers'. It is not local law, nor the result of legislation.
1 the Court of Chancery амер. суд системы “права справедливости”
TEXT 2: The Encyclopaedia Britannica
common law, also called ANGLO-AMERICAN LAW, the body of customary law, based upon judicial decisions and embodied in reports of decided cases, which has been administered by the common-law courts of England since the Middle Ages. From this has evolved the type of legal system now found also in the United States and in most of the member states of the Commonwealth of Nations. Common law stands in contrast to the rules developed by the separate courts of equity, to statute law (i.e., the acts of legislative bodies), and to the legal system derived from civil law now widespread in western Europe and elsewhere.
TEXT 3: Powell R. Law today. 1993.
common law. A system in which legal decisions are based upon decisions in previous cases (Doctrine of precedent) and on custom, rather than on detailed written laws. It is sometimes called case law and originally developed in England. Common law is an important part of the legal systems of many countries which have been influenced by English law, such as the USA and India.
C Answer these questions.
1 What do you understand by common law?
2 What was the original source of common-law principles?
3 Would a codified system of law make the law more a) certain, or b) flexible?
4 Why is it important for judges to be independent?
5 What is stare decisis?
6 What is the name of the court which administered equity?
7 What other countries apart from England have a common-law legal system?
8 In what sense is the “constitution” of England a “creature” of the common law?
Language focus
Put the words in brackets into the correct form, active or passive. Translate the text.
The English legal system 1) _____ (centralize) through a court structure which is common to the whole country. It is hierarchical, with the higher courts and judges having more authority than the lower ones. Some important characteristics of English law are:
English law 2) _____ (base) on the common law tradition. By this we 3) _____ (mean) a system of 'judge made' law which continuously 4) _____ (develop) over the years through the decisions of judges in the cases brought before them. These judicial precedents are an important source of law in the English legal system. Common law systems are different from the civil law systems of Western Europe and Latin America. In these countries the law
5) _____ (codify) or systematically collected to form a consistent body of legal rules.
English judges have an important role in developing case law and stating the meaning of Acts of Parliament.
The judges are independent of the government and the people appearing before them. This 6) _____ (allow) them to make impartial decisions.