5.1 Read the following international words and translate them. (Mind the part of speech).
Programs, provinces, reservoirs, commercial, extracts, components, cosmetics, business, natural, systems, million, control, limited, construction, culture, system, natural, temperature, salinity, genetic, selection, diets.
5.2 Give Russian equivalents of the following words and word combinations.
The large-scale hatchery programs, commercial and recreational fisheries, endangered and threatened species, human consumption, seaweed production, legitimate aquaculture enterprises, by contrast, to exert control, natural water body, culture system, house hold items, dissolved oxygen and ammonia, water temperature, marine species, genetic selection, captive breeding, brood stock, to meet the daily requirements, to be susceptible to diseases.
5.3 Read and translate the text with the help of a dictionary.
The large-scale hatchery programs that exist in the various states and provinces of North America and throughout the world produce fishes for release into streams, lakes, reservoirs and the marine environment to enhance commercial and recreational fisheries as well as to repopulate water bodies with endangered and threatened species.
Aquatic plants are also produced for human consumption. In the Orient, for example, seaweed production (e.g. red and brown algae) involves the labour of several hundreds thousands of people. The seaweeds may be consumed directly by man or extracts may be obtained that become components of a variety of substances each of us uses every day. Ice cream, toothpaste, cosmetics and a wide range of other house hold items contain extracts from seaweeds. Some of their businesses are very large, and they are legitimate aquaculture enterprises.
U
nder
natural conditions, as much as 100 pounds per acre of fish might be
produced in a lake within a year. Aquaculture systems, by contract,
can produce several thousand to even a million pounds per acre in a
year.
The aquaculturist exerts control over the species being reared. That control may include, but is not limited to the following:
Design, construction and maintenance of the culture system being employed.
Aquaculturists utilize ponds, cages, net-pens, race ways, tanks and other units. They do not attempt to convert unaltered natural water bodies into culture system.
Maintenance of suitable water quality.
In order for an aquaculture venture to be successful, the water must be of a quality suitable for the species being reared. Of most importance are the levels of dissolved oxygen and ammonia, water temperature and, in case of marine species, salinity.
Control over reproduction.
Unless the culture species can be reproduced in captivity, there is no way to undertake genetic selection and the improvement of the species with respect to its suitability for culture. Successful aquaculture of any species ultimately depends on captive breeding and producing brood stock from animals that are hatched in captivity.
Provision of nutritionally complete feeds.
Species being reared by aquaculturists are usually fed prepared feeds, similar to the feeds used by livestock producers. Such feeds contain the nutrients necessary to meet the daily requirements of the species under culture. In some instances, natural foods are relied upon (e.g. oyster and mussel culture), but for most species manufactured diets are employed.
Control of diseases.
Aquatic organisms, like other plants and animals, are susceptible to diseases of various kinds. The aquaculturist must be able to recognize the diseases that affect the particular species being cultured and know how to treat them properly.