1.4 Answer the questions

1. What is aquaculture?

2. What is called mariculture?

3. When did one-fish culture begin?

4. What does aquaculture include?

1.5 Give English equivalents: рыбоводство, рыбные объекты, нерыбные объекты, устричное хозяйство, пресная вода, декоративная рыба, времена фараонов, морская среда.

1.6 Translate the given Russian words into the English ones:

1. Aquaculture in salt water is called (марикультура).

2. Aquaculture is (подводное) agriculture.

3. The most popular aquaculture species are (рыбные объекты).

4. Aquaculture involves cultivating (пресноводные) and (соленоводные) populations of fish.

5. Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic organisms such as (рыба), (ракообразные), (моллюски) and (водные растения).

6. Some kinds of aquaculture include (рыбоводное хозяйство), (устричное хозяйство), (хозяйство по выращиванию креветок), and (хозяйство по выращиванию морских водорослей).

1.7 Match the words with their definitions.

1) fish	a) Organisms that inhabit, and complete their life cycle, in aquatic media.
2) fish aquaculture	b) The means, facilities, utilities and equipment that enable commercial production of aquatic organisms, throughout their life cycles and in captivity.
3) fish husbandry	c) An aquatic vertebrate, cold-blooded animal with fins and internal gills, and having no limbs.
4) aquaculture	d) The controlled production of fish in constructed facilities in captivity.
5) aquatic organisms	e) aquaculture practice involving finned fish.
6) aquaculture system	f) The breeding and rearing of fish for a variety of reasons.
7) pisciculture	g) also known as aquafarming, it is the controlled growth of aquatic species.

1.8 Read the text without a dictionary. Aquaculture’s beginnings

The roots of aquaculture trace back 4,000 years to China wherecarp were cultured, and before that to Egypt where early pictorial depictions dating to 2500 B.C.E. show tilapia being fished out of a tank. The earliest known written record of fish culture techniques is attributed to Fan Li, of China, who in 475 B.C.E. described propagation methods, pond construction, and growth characteristics of common carp.

From those early beginnings to the present, common carp is the best understood of all aquaculture species. Common carp reportedly were grown in Europe 2,000 years ago, and, although the ancient Greeks and Romans held fish in ponds, more advanced techniques for breeding and growing fish in managed environments in Europe were first devised 1,000 years ago.

The Japanese, Polynesian Hawaiians, and Mayans were also early practitioners of fish culture. In the United States, nineteenth-century scientists developed techniques for breeding rainbow trout in captivity. Rainbow trout have since been transplanted from their native Western U.S. streams to many countries in Europe, Africa, and South and Central America.

21. Answer the questions

1. Where did the first fish culture begin?

2. Who else was early practitioners of fish culture?

3. What is the native place of rainbow trout?