- •Р.А. Юсупова
- •От автора
- •Unit 1 aquaculture Active vocabulary
- •1 Aquaculture
- •1.1 Read the following international words and translate them. (Mind the part of speech).
- •1.2 Give Russian equivalents of the following words and word combinations.
- •1.3 Read and translate the text with the help of a dictionary.
- •1.4 Answer the questions
- •1.6 Translate the given Russian words into the English ones:
- •1.7 Match the words with their definitions.
- •1.8 Read the text without a dictionary. Aquaculture’s beginnings
- •2 Ancient and modern aquaculture
- •2.1 Read the following international words and translate them. (Mind the part of speech).
- •2.2 Give Russian equivalents of the following words and word combinations.
- •2.3 Read and translate the text with the help of a dictionary.
- •2.4 Give English equivalents:
- •Vocabulary
- •4.5 Give English equivalents:
- •4.6 Translate the given Russian words into the English ones:
- •4.7 Match the words with their definitions.
- •4.8 Topics for discussion
- •Feeding the world through agriculture
- •5 Control over reared species
- •5.1 Read the following international words and translate them. (Mind the part of speech).
- •5.2 Give Russian equivalents of the following words and word combinations.
- •5.3 Read and translate the text with the help of a dictionary.
- •5.4 Give English equivalents:
- •5.9 Answer the questions
- •Unit 2 fish culture Active vocabulary
- •6 The big two in fish culture
- •Choose the equivalents:
- •Aquaculture species in the united states
- •1 Rainbow, brown
- •7.4 Give English equivalents:
- •4Bullhead
- •7.13 Render the following verbs with ing-forms into infinitives and translate them:
- •8 Culture systems
- •8.1 Read the following international words and translate them.
- •8.2 Give Russian equivalents of the following words and word combinations.
- •8.3 Read and translate the text with the help of a dictionary.
- •8.4 Give English equivalents:
- •8.5 Match the words with their definitions.
- •8.6 Fill in the gaps using the words given below:
- •8.7 Answer the questions
- •8.8 Read the text without a dictionary. Types of aquaculture opeations
- •Vocabulary
- •8.9 Match the words with their definitions.
- •8.10 Answer the questions
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •10.5 Translate the given Russian words into the English ones:
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •12.5 Answer the questions
- •13 Potential adverse effects
- •13.1 Read and translate the text with the help of a dictionary.
- •Vocabulary
- •13.2 Answer the questions
- •14 Carp Aquaculture
- •Carp as ornamental fish
- •15 Tilapia Fish farming
- •Nutrition
- •Exotic species
- •Uses other than supplying food
- •In aquaria
- •16 Trout Anatomy
- •Habitat
- •As food
- •River fishing
- •17 Salmon Life cycle
- •Species
- •Atlantic Ocean species
- •Pacific Ocean species
- •Salmon fisheries
- •Salmon aquaculture
- •18 Shrimp Farming
- •Marketing
- •Life cycle
- •19 Grass carp
- •Ecology
- •Invasive species
- •Use as weed control
- •Fishing for grass carp
- •Triploid Grass Carp
- •20 Channel catfish
- •21 Pond
- •Technical definitions
- •Formation
- •Characteristics
- •22 Cage
- •Site Criteria
- •Pond Problems
- •Water Quality
- •Temperature
- •Turbidity
- •23 Raceway
- •Site selection
- •Water flow
- •Maximum load
- •Waste water
- •Appendix
- •Proverbs
- •Библиографический список
Vocabulary
poikilothermic |
пойкилотермное животное(имеющее непостоянную температуру тела) |
dissolution |
растворение, разжижение |
respire |
дышать |
blood stream |
кровообращение, кровоток |
unionized ammonia (NH3) |
аммиак |
ionized ammonia (NH4) |
ионизированный аммиак |
9.5 Translate the given Russian words into the English ones:
1. The most important water quality variables are (температура, растворенный кислород и аммиак).
2. Aquaculture species are all (хладнокровные) or poikilothermic.
3. There are two primary types of culture species: (тепловодные и холодноводные).
4. (форель и лосось) are cold water species.
5. (карп, тиляпия и канальный сом) are warm water species.
9.6 Put down the corresponding adverbs and translate them using a dictionary:
Model: continuous – continuously
Word: low, high, rapid, usual, dramatic, general, particular, virtual, basic, current.
9.7 Answer the questions
What are the most important water quality variables?
What does it mean “cold –blooded” species?
What are examples of warm water species?
What are examples of cold water species?
What problems arise when temperature changes dramatically.
9.8 Choose and put down the words opposite in the meaning to the given ones. Translate the combinations.
Words: clear, low, marine, to absorb, cold
Model: warm water and cold water fish.
1) Warm water species -____________water species.
2) Cloudy days -___________days.
To dissolve oxygen-__________oxygen.
High concentration -__________concentration.
Fresh water shrimps -___________shrimps.
9.9 Find the meaning of the following words paying attention to the word-building elements.
Sufficient – insufficient
Ionized – unionized
Increase – decrease
Efficient – inefficient
9.10 Topics for discussion
Speak about meaning of oxygen to water organisms.
Speak about ammonia use in culture system.
UNIT 4
AQUACULTURAL MANAGEMENT
10 NUTRITION AND FEEDING
Part 1
10.1 Read the following international words and translate them. (Mind the part of speech).
Natural, ocean, organisms, culture, type, ingredients, organic, concentrations, interests, combination, final, product, diets, to synthesize, typical, vitamins, minerals, energy.
10.2 Give Russian equivalents of the following words and word combinations.
Floating feeds, bacterial and fungal growth, raw fish, algae concentrations, proper proportions, to provide nourishment, food chain, supplemental heat, invertebrates, prepared feed, to meet the nutritional requirements, quality and quantity, to contain animal protein, high (low) carbohydrate level, waste products.
10.3 Read the following terms and translate them:
Phytoplankton, zooplankton, macrophytes, benthic organisms, shellfish, algae, crustaceons, oyster, mussels.
10.4 Read and translate the text with the help of a dictionary.
Under natural conditions in ponds, lakes, rivers and the ocean fishes rely on natural productivity for their nourishment. Some aquaculturists also use natural food organisms to provide nourishment for the culture species. In China, for example, ponds are stocked with various species of carp that feed on different parts of the food chain. The fish ponds may be fertilized to help promote growth of phytoplankton, zooplankton, rooted aquatic macrophytes and benthic organisms, each of which is fed upon by a different type of carp. In Japan and a few other countries, ground raw fish is often used to feed aquacultured animals (the fish may be fixed with small amounts of dry ingredients). Oysters, mussels and clams are among the various shellfish that feed by algae and other organic nutrients from the water. The culture of those animals requires the presence of large algae concentrations.
Most fishes and invertebrates of aquaculture interest are fed prepared feeds. Such feeds are composed of various ingredients in proper combinations so that the final product will meet the nutritional requirements of the species being fed. Diets vary considerably from one type of aquaculture animal to the next because of differences in nutritional requirements. For example, many crustaceans are unable to synthesize cholesterol, so that chemical must be provided in the feed. Fishes, on the other hand, do not require dietary cholesterol. Determining the nutritional requirements of an aquaculture species can require many years of research. Diets are prepared in which various ingredients are varied with respect to quality and quantity. Then the feeds are presented to the aquaculture species over a period of several weeks to months and the growth response is evaluated.
Experimental diets may be prepared to examine the responses of the animals to variations in dietary protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins or energy. Typical aquaculture diets are relatively simple. They usually contain some type of animal protein (fish meal, poultry by-product meal, meat and bone meal) and other proteins supplied by plants (soy bean, wheat, corn meal, peanut meal and cottonseed meal). The plant products also supply high levels of carbohydrates (sugar and starches). Some species, such as channel catfish, can tolerate levels of 40% carbohydrate in the diet, whereas others, such as trout, tolerate only low carbohydrate levels.
Fat is supplied by the various ingredients mentioned, but supplemental fat is often added in the form of corn oil, fish oil or a variety of others. A mixture of required vitamins and minerals is also usually added. In some instances, wet ground fish is used in the United States as a dietary ingredient. This is particularly true in the Pacific Northwest, where waste products from fish processing plants are readily available.