Terekhova_E_Dvustoronniy_perevod_obshchestvenn

MILIEU, encountered most often in literary writing, refers to intangi ble aspects of the environment: an exhilarating milieu of artistic ferment and innovation. AMBIANCE applies to the atmosphere of the sur roundings, their mood or tone: an ambiance of ease and elegance. SET TING suggests a background that sets something off: a perfect setting for the emerald. SURROUNDINGS alludes specifically to the physical aspects of the environment: awoke in strange surroundings; blend in with her surroundings.

equal adjective 1) as great as; the same as (often fol. by to or with ) : The velocity of sound is not equal to that of light. 2) like or alike in quan tity, degree, value, etc.; of the same rank, ability, merit, etc.: two students of equal brilliance. 3) evenly proportioned or balanced: an equal contest. 4) uniform in operation or effect: equal laws. 5) ade quate or sufficient in quantity or degree: The supply is equal to the demand. 6) having adequate powers, ability, or means: He was equal to the task. 7) level, as a plain. 8) tranquil or undisturbed: to confront death with an equal mind. 9) impartial or equitable.

equal access the same ability, right, or permission to approach, enter, speak with, or use sth.; the same admittance.

erupt verb 1) to burst forth: Molten lava erupted from the top of the volcano. 2) (of a volcano, geyser, etc.) to eject matter. 3) to break out of a pent up state, usually in a sudden and violent manner:

Words of anger erupted from her

eruption noun an issuing forth suddenly and violently; outburst; out break.

estimate verb 1) to form an approximate judgment or opinion regarding the worth, amount, size, weight, etc., of; calculate approximately: to estimate the cost of a college education. — Syn. compute, count, reckon, gauge, assess, value, evaluate, appraise. 2) to form an opinion of; judge.

Ethiopia noun formerly, Abyssinia. a republic in E Africa: formerly a monarchy. 30,200,000; 409,266 sq. mi. (1,060,000 sq. km). Present boundaries include Eritrea. Cap.: Addis Ababa.

exciting adjective producing excitement; stirring; thrilling: an exciting account of his trip to Tibet.

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executive noun 1) a person or group of persons having administrative or supervisory authority in an organization. 2) the person or persons in whom the supreme executive power of a government is vested. 3) the executive branch of a government.

exile noun expulsion from one’s native land by authoritative decree. exodus noun a going out; a departure or emigration, usually of a large number of people: the summer exodus to the country and

shore.

experience verb 1) to have experience of; meet with; undergo; feel: to experience nausea. — Syn. encounter, know, endure, suffer. 2) to learn by experience. 3) experience religion to undergo a spiritu al conversion by which one gains or regains faith in God.

Usage note

EXPERIENCE, UNDERGO refer to encountering situations, condi tions, etc., in life, or to having certain sensations or feelings. EXPERI ENCE implies being affected by what one meets with: to experience a change of heart, bitter disappointment. UNDERGO usually refers to the bearing or enduring of something hard, difficult, disagreeable, or dangerous: to undergo severe hardships, an operation.

explore verb 1) to traverse or range over (a region, area, etc.) for the purpose of discovery: to explore the island. 2) to look into close ly; scrutinize; examine: Let us explore the possibilities for improvement. — Syn. probe, study, research, investigate, survey.

facilitate verb to make easier or less difficult; help forward (an action, a process, etc.) : Careful planning facilitates any kind of work.

facilities noun 1) something designed, built, installed, etc., to serve a specific function affording a convenience or service: transportation facilities; educational facilities; a new research facility.

2) something that permits the easier performance of an action, course of conduct, etc.: to provide someone with every facility for accomplishing a task; to lack facilities for handling bulk mail.

federal adjective 1) pertaining to or of the nature of a union of states under a central government distinct from the individual govern ments of the separate states: the federal government of the U.S

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2) of, pertaining to, or noting such a central government: federal offices.

fend for oneself to look after yourself without needing help from other people.

firefighter (fig. “troubleshooter”) noun a person with special skill in resolving disputes, impasses, etc., as in business, national, or international affairs: a diplomatic troubleshooter in the Middle East.

“first wave” of newly-industrializing economies (NICs) a group of countries, as Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Korea in Asia, and Brazil, Argentina and Mexico in Latin America.

flame (to inflame) verb 1) to kindle or excite (passions, desires, etc.) 2) to incite or rouse, as to violence: His words inflamed the angry mob to riot.

frenzied 1) wildly excited or enthusiastic: frenzied applause. 2) vio lently agitated; frantic; wild: a frenzied mob. Also, phrensied.

fuel (to fuel sth) verb to make a situation worse or make someone’s feelings stronger: The attempts to stop the strike only fuelled the workers’ resentment.

G-8 / G8 / Group-8 group of eight countries, as Germany, Canada, the United States, France, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and Russia, whose leaders are meeting annually to deal with the major economic and political issues facing their domestic soci eties and the international community as a whole.

gap noun 1) a break or opening, 2) a wide divergence or difference; disparity: the gap between expenses and income; the gap between ideals and actions. close a gap to stop or obstruct a gap, widen a gap to make the gap wider.

generate verb to bring into existence; cause to be; produce: He generates ideas that we all should consider. A good diplomat generates good will. — Syn. create, evolve, originate, engen der, institute.

get around phrasal verb 1) to circumvent; outwit. 2) to ingratiate oneself with (someone) through flattery or cajolery. 3) to travel from place to place; circulate: I don’t get around much anymore.

4) to be socially active: She’s been getting about much more since her family moved to the city. Also, get about.

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get out of date/obsolete 1) be no longer in general use; fallen into disuse: an obsolete expression. 2) be of a discarded or outmoded type: an obsolete battleship. — Syn. antiquated, ancient, old. — Ant. new, modern.

give asylum (political asylum) to provide protection to political refugees from another nation.

give one’s assent to 1) to agree or concur; subscribe to. 2) to give in; yield; concede. — Syn. acquiesce.

governing body the group of people controlling an institution. governor-general, pl. governors general, governor generals 1) a gov

ernor who is chief over subordinate or deputy governors. 2) the representative of the crown, as in the Commonwealth of Nations.

grant verb 1) to bestow or confer, esp. by a formal act: to grant a charter. — Syn. award, vouchsafe. 2) to give or accord: to grant permission. — Syn. concession, bequest. — Ant.1, 2) receive. 3) to agree or accede to: to grant a request. 4) to admit or concede; accept for the sake of argument: I grant that point. 5) to transfer or convey, esp. by deed or writing: to grant property.

graveyard of history 1) an imaginary place in which obsolete or derelict objects or ideas are kept. 2) sth. that is out of date. grossly adverb 1) totally. 2) completely; rankly. 3) fragrantly and

extremely. 4) indecently and vulgarly.

gun (at a gun’s point) also at gunpoint under threat of being shot. In politics it is usually used figuratively meaning use of force.

harsh (reality) grim or unpleasantly severe; stern; cruel; austere real ity.

hereditary adjective 1) passing, or capable of passing, naturally from parent to offspring through the genes: Blue eyes are hereditary in our family. — Syn. Innate. 2) of or pertaining to inheritance or heredity: a hereditary title. 3) existing by reason of feeling, opin ions, or prejudices held by predecessors: a hereditary enemy — Syn. ancestral, traditional.

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Usage note

INNATE, INBORN, CONGENITAL, HEREDITARY describe qual ities, characteristics, or possessions acquired before or at the time of birth. INNATE, of Latin origin, and INBORN, a native English word, share the literal basic sense “existing at the time of birth,” and they are interchangeable in most contexts: innate (or inborn ) stodginess, agility, gracefulness. CONGENITAL refers most often to characteristics acquired during fetal development, especially defects or undesirable conditions: a congenital deformity; congenital blindness. HEREDITARY describes qualities or things passed on from ancestors, either through the genes or by social or legal means: Hemophilia is a hereditary condition; a hereditary title.

heterogeneous adjective 1) different in kind; unlike; incongruous. 2) composed of parts of different kinds; having widely dissimi lar elements or constituents: The party was attended by a heterogeneous group of artists, politicians, and social climbers. — Syn. varied, diverse. — Ant. homogeneous.

hike (hitch-hike) verb to travel by standing on the side of the road and soliciting rides from passing vehicles.

hold office to fill a governmental position.

homogeneous adjective composed of parts or elements that are all of the same kind; not heterogeneous: a homogeneous population.

House of Commons / Representatives House / Duma the elective, lower legislative branch in many national and state bicameral governing bodies.

House of Lords / Senate / Council of Federation the upper house of the legislature.

humane adjective characterized by tenderness, compassion, and sympathy for people and animals, esp. for the suffering or dis tressed. — Syn. merciful, kind, kindly, kindhearted, tender, compassionate, gentle, sympathetic; benevolent, benignant, charitable, human. — Ant. brutal.

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Usage note

Usage HUMAN, HUMANE may refer to that which is, or should be, characteristic of human beings. In thus describing characteristics, HUMAN may refer to good and bad traits of a person alike (human kindness; human weakness). When emphasis is placed upon the latter, HUMAN is thought of as contrasted to DIVINE: To err is human, to forgive divine. He was only human. HUMANE (the original spelling of HUMAN, and since 1700 restricted in meaning) takes into account only the nobler or gentler aspects of people and is often contrasted to their more ignoble or brutish aspect. A HUMANE person is benevolent in treating fellow humans or helpless animals; the word once had also con notations of courtesy and refinement (hence, the application of HUMANE to those branches of learning intended to refine the mind).

illegal adjective forbidden by law or statute. — Syn. unlawful; illegit imate; illicit; unlicensed.

Usage note

ILLEGAL, UNLAWFUL, ILLEGITIMATE, ILLICIT, CRIMINAL can all describe actions not in accord with law. ILLEGAL refers most specifically to violations of statutes or, in organized athletics, codified rules: an illegal seizure of property; an illegal block (in football). UNLAW FUL means not sanctioned by or according to law: an unlawful claim to the inheritance; to take unlawful advantage of the trading situation. ILLE GITIMATE means lacking legal or traditional right or rights: an illegitimate child; illegitimate use of privileged knowledge. ILLICIT, which orig inally meant simply “not permitted,” now most often applies to matters regulated by law with specific emphasis on the way things are carried out: illicit conversion of property; an illicit attempt to control the market. CRIMINAL most often refers to violation of the statutes of penal as opposed to civil law. All felonies are criminal as are all crimes some times punishable by death such as murder, arson, and kidnapping: a criminal act.

implications noun, pl. relationships of a close or intimate nature; involvements: the religious implications of ancient astrology. —

Syn. associations, connections.

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in abundance a large quantity of something: Wild flowers grow in abundance on the hillsides.

increase women’s political power to make greater women’s political strength. Very often it goes under gender issue, which means fair and equal representation of women in political life.

influential adjective having or exerting influence, esp. great influ ence: three influential educators. — Syn. consequential, forceful, important.

inherit verb 1) to take or receive (property, a right, a title, etc.) by succession or will, as an heir: to inherit the family business. 2) to receive as if by succession from predecessors: the problems the new government inherited from its predecessors. 3) to receive (a genetic character) by the transmission of hereditary factors. 4) to succeed (a person) as heir. 5) to receive as one’s portion; come into possession of: to inherit his brother’s old clothes.

injustice noun 1) the quality or fact of being unjust; inequity. 2) vio lation of the rights of others; unjust or unfair action or treat ment. — Syn. injury, wrong; tort.

insight noun 1) an instance of apprehending the true nature of a thing, esp. through intuitive understanding: an insight into 18th-century life. 2) penetrating mental vision or discernment; faculty of seeing into inner character or underlying truth. — Syn. perception, apprehension, intuition, understanding, grasp.

insoluble disputes a situation in which two countries or groups of people have serious disagreements and cannot come to any con cord.

inspectors noun, pl. 1) officials whose job is to check that something is satisfactory and that rules are being obeyed. 2) police officers of middle rank.

Islam noun 1) the religious faith of Muslims, based on the words and religious system founded by the prophet Muhammad and taught by the Koran, the basic principle of which is absolute submission to a unique and personal god, Allah. 2) the whole body of Muslim believers, their civilization, and the countries in which theirs is the dominant religion. Also called Muhammadanism.

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issue (subject/ problem) noun a problem or subject that people dis cuss: Drugs testing of employees is a sensitive issue. | the immigration issue | raise the issue (=say that a problem should be dis cussed): We should raise the issue of discrimination with the council. | sth is not the issue spoken (=used to say that something is not the important part of what you are discussing):

Unemployment is not the issue — the real problem is the decline in public morality. | not be an issue (=not be a problem): I just got a raise, so money’s no longer an issue. | avoid/dodge/duck/evade the issue (=avoid discussing a problem or subject): When asked about the bill, the senator tried to duck the issue. | confuse/cloud the issue (=make a problem or subject more difficult by talk ing about things that are not directly connected with it): clouding the issue with uninformed judgements | what’s the big issue? spoken (=used when you do not think that something is a problem and you cannot understand why people are worried or arguing).

judiciary noun 1) the judicial branch of government. 2) the system of courts of justice in a country. 3) judges collectively.

jurisdiction noun 1) the right, power, or authority to administer jus tice by hearing and determining controversies. 2) power; autho rity; control: He has jurisdiction over all American soldiers in the area. 3) the extent or range of judicial, law enforcement, or other authority: This case comes under the jurisdiction of the local police. 4) the territory over which authority is exercised: All islands to the northwest are his jurisdiction.

jury (grand jury, jury trial) noun such a group selected according to law and sworn to inquire into or determine the facts concerning a cause or an accusation submitted to them and to render a ver dict to a court.

juror noun one of a group of persons sworn to deliver a verdict in a case submitted to them; member of a jury.

keep from phrasal verb keep something from someone to not tell someone something that you know. keep someone/something

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from something to prevent someone from doing something or prevent something happening: keep sb from doing sth: Mulligan was the only person who kept us from running amok completely. | keep (yourself) from doing sth: I could hardly keep from laughing, it was so funny. | keep sth from doing sth: You put the potatoes in salted water to keep them from turning black.

lack of oxygen deficiency or absence of oxygen. landlocked (countries) having no direct access to the sea.

launch a military push/campaign to start a vigorous and determined military attack or campaign.

launch initiative/ initiate sth to begin, set going, or originate. leadership noun 1) the position or function of a leader: He managed

to maintain his leadership of the party despite heavy opposition. 2) ability to lead: She displayed leadership potential. 3) an act or instance of leading; guidance; direction: They prospered under his leadership. 4) the leaders of a group: The union leadership agreed to arbitrate.

legislative body noun having the function of making laws. legislature noun a deliberative body of persons, usually elective, who

are empowered to make, change, or repeal the laws of a country or state; the branch of government having the power to make laws, as distinguished from the executive and judicial branches of government.

lick up phrasal verb 1) to lap up (to get a lot of pleasure and enjoy ment from something, without worrying about whether it is good, true etc.). 2) devour greedily.

life expectancy (life span) the probable number of years remain ing in the life of an individual or class of persons determined statistically, affected by such factors as heredity, physical condition, nutrition, and occupation. Also called expectancy of life.

locate verb 1) to identify or discover the place or location of: to locate the bullet wound. 2) to set, fix, or establish in a position, situa tion, or locality; place; settle: to locate our European office in Paris. 3) to assign or ascribe a particular location to (some

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thing), as by knowledge or opinion: Some scholars locate the Garden of Eden in Babylonia. 4) to survey and enter a claim to a

tract of land; take possession of land.

long-distance (long-term) adjective covering a relatively long period of time: a long-term lease.

look for phrasal verb 1) to seek; search for: Columbus was looking for a shorter route to India when he discovered America. 2) to antici pate; expect: I’ll be looking for you at the reception.

machinery of government the apparatus of government; a system of government activities, functions, processes, etc.

majority noun 1) the greater part or number; the number larger than half the total (opposed to minority ) : the majority of the population.

2) a number of voters or votes, jurors, or others in agreement, constituting more than half of the total number. 3) the amount by which the greater number, as of votes, surpasses the remainder (distinguished from plurality). 4) the party or faction with the majority vote: The Democratic party is the majority. 5) the state or time of being of full legal age: to attain one’s majority.

Usage note

MAJORITY, PLURALITY, in the context of an election, poll, or other voting situation resulting in a statistically based statement, both denote an amount or number larger than some other. In situations in which only two candidates, options, or positions are concerned, the terms are inter changeable, though MAJORITY is by far the more commonly used: She beat her opponent by a large majority. The proposal received a large plurality of “Yes” votes. When three or more choices are available, however, a distinction is made between MAJORITY and PLURALITY. A MAJORITY, then, consists of more than one half of all the votes cast, while a PLURALITY is merely the number of votes one candidate receives in excess of the votes for the candidate with the next largest number. Thus, in an election in which three candidates receive respec tively 500, 300, and 200 votes, the first candidate has a plurality of 200 votes, but not a majority of all the votes cast. If the three candidates receive 600, 300, and 100 votes, the first has a majority of 100 votes (that is 100 votes more than one half the total of 1000 cast) and a plurality of 300 votes over the nearest opponent.

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