Terekhova_E_Dvustoronniy_perevod_obshchestvenn
.pdfchecks and balances limits imposed on all branches of a government by vesting in each branch the right to amend or void those acts of another that fall within its purview.
chief of state the titular head of a nation, as a president or king. chimney (smoke-screen) noun 1) a mass of dense smoke produced to
conceal an area, vessel, or plane from the enemy. 2) something intended to disguise, conceal, or deceive; camouflage.
China noun 1) People’s Republic of, a country in E Asia. Cap.:
Beijing. 2) Republic of. Also called Nationalist China. a republic consisting mainly of the island of Taiwan off the SE coast of mainland China: under Nationalist control since 1948 but claimed by the People’s Republic of China. Cap.: Taipei.
citizen noun 1) a native or naturalized member of a state or nation who owes allegiance to its government and is entitled to its pro tection (distinguished from alien). 2) an inhabitant of a city or town, esp. one entitled to its privileges or franchises.
claim verb 1) to demand by or as by virtue of a right; demand as a right or as due: to claim an estate by inheritance. 2) to assert and demand the recognition of (a right, title, possession, etc.); assert one’s right to: to claim payment for services. 3) to assert or maintain as a fact: She claimed that he was telling the truth. 4) to require as due or fitting: to claim respect. — claimant noun a per son who makes a claim.
coalmine (a mine of wisdom) source, origin, or cause from which wis dom is obtained.
collegial adjective 1) collegiate; involving or related to a college. 2) of or characterized by the collective responsibility shared by each of a group of colleagues, with minimal supervision from above.
come around/ round phrasal verb 1) to recover consciousness; revive. 2) to change one’s opinion, decision, etc., esp. to agree with another’s. 3) to visit: Come around more often. 4) to cease being angry, hurt, etc.
Commonwealth noun 1) a group of sovereign states and their depend encies associated by their own choice and linked with common objectives and interests: the British Commonwealth. 2) the Commonwealth a voluntary association of independent nations and dependent territories linked by historical ties (as parts of the
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former British Empire) and cooperating on matters of mutual concern, esp. regarding economics and trade. Also called
Commonwealth of Nations. Formerly, British Commonwealth, British Commonwealth of Nations. 3) a federation of states: the
Commonwealth of Australia.
competition noun 1) the act of competing; rivalry for supremacy, a prize, etc.: The competition between the two teams was bitter. 2) a contest for some prize, honor, or advantage: Both girls entered the competition. 3) the rivalry offered by a competitor: The small merchant gets powerful competition from the chain stores. 4) a competitor or competitors: What is your competition offering?
comprehensive campaign a campaign of large scope.
comprise 50% of the world population to form or constitute 50% of the world population.
condemnation noun an expression of very strong disapproval of someone or something: Condemnation of the latest violence came from all political parties.
containment noun 1) the act of keeping something under control: containment of public expenditure. 2) the use of political actions to prevent an unfriendly country from becoming more powerful: a policy of containment
contend verb 1) to struggle in opposition: to contend with the enemy for control of the port. — Syn. wrestle, grapple, battle, fight. 2) to strive in rivalry; compete; vie: to contend for first prize. — Syn. struggle. 3) to strive in debate; dispute earnestly: to contend against falsehood. — Syn. argue, wrangle. — Ant. agree 4) to assert or maintain earnestly: He contended that taxes were too high. — Syn. hold, claim.
Usage note
COMPETE, CONTEND, CONTEST mean to strive to outdo or excel. COMPETE implies having a sense of rivalry and of striving to do one’s best as well as to outdo another: to compete for a prize. CONTEND sug gests opposition or disputing as well as rivalry: to contend with an opponent, against obstacles. CONTEST suggests struggling to gain or hold something, as well as contending or disputing: to contest a position or ground (in battle); to contest a decision.
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council noun 1) an assembly of persons summoned or convened for consultation, deliberation, or advice. 2) a body of persons spe cially designated or selected to act in an advisory, administra tive, or legislative capacity: the governor’s council on housing.
Usage note
COUNCIL, COUNSEL, and CONSUL are not interchangeable. COUNCIL is a noun. Its most common sense is “an assembly of persons convened for deliberation or the like.” It is generally used with a singular verb. A member of such a group is a councilor. COUNSEL is both noun and verb. Its most common meaning as a noun is “advice given to anoth er”: His counsel on domestic relations is sound. A person giving such advice is a counselor. In law, COUNSEL means “legal adviser or advisers” and can be either singular or plural. As a verb, COUNSEL means “to advise.” The noun CONSUL refers to the representative of a government who guards the welfare of its citizens in a foreign country.
counterpart noun 1) a person or thing closely resembling another, esp. in function: Our president is the counterpart of your prime minister. 2) a copy; duplicate. 3) one of two parts that fit, com plete, or complement one another. — counterargument noun a contrasting, opposing, or refuting argument. — counterproductive adjective thwarting the achievement of an intended goal; tending to defeat one’s purpose: Living on credit while trying to save money is counterproductive.
Usage note
counter used with the meanings 1) “against,” “contrary,” “opposite,” “in opposition or response to” (countermand; counterargument; counterproductive); 2) “complementary,” “in reciprocation,” “corresponding,” “parallel” (counterfoil; counterbalance; counterpart-3); 3) “substitute,” “duplicate” (counterfeit; counterpart-2).
crew noun a group of persons involved in a particular kind of work or working together: the crew of a train; a wrecking crew.
curb verb to control as with a curb; restrain; check. — Syn. bridle, repress. — Ant. encourage.
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Usage note
CHECK, CURB, REPRESS, RESTRAIN refer to putting a control on movement, progress, action, etc. CHECK implies arresting suddenly, halting or causing to halt: to check a movement toward reform. CURB implies the use of a means such as a chain, strap, frame, wall, etc., to guide or control or to force to stay within definite limits: to curb a horse. REPRESS, formerly meaning to suppress, now implies preventing the action or development that might naturally be expected: to repress evi dence of excitement. RESTRAIN implies the use of force to put under control, or chiefly, to hold back: to restrain a person from violent acts.
debate strategies to argue or discuss strategies, as in a legislative or public assembly.
debris noun the remains of anything broken down or destroyed; ruins; rubble: the debris of buildings after an air raid. — Syn. detritus, litter, trash.
decision-making noun the process of thinking about a problem, idea etc, and then making a choice or judgment: an attempt to make workers more involved in decision-making decision by the President.
definition noun 1) the act of defining or making definite, distinct, or clear. 2) the formal statement of the meaning or significance of a word, phrase, etc. 3) the condition of being definite, distinct, or clearly outlined.
dense adjective 1) having the component parts closely compacted together; crowded or compact: dense population. — Syn. con gested, crammed, teeming; impenetrable. 2) stupid; slow wit ted; dull. 3) intense; extreme: dense ignorance. 4) relatively opaque; transmitting little light, as a photographic negative, optical glass, or color. 5) difficult to understand or follow because of being closely packed with ideas or complexities of style: a dense philosophical essay.
densely populated = a lot of people live in that place in relation to its size. departure time time of leaving. Ant. — arrival time.
desert verb 1) to leave (a person, place, etc.) without intending to return, esp. in violation of a duty, promise, or the like: He
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deserted his wife. — Syn. abandon, forsake. 2) (of military per sonnel) to leave or run away from (service, duty, etc.) with the intention of never returning. 3) to fail (someone) at a time of need: None of his friends had deserted him.
Usage note
DESERT, ABANDON, FORSAKE mean to leave behind persons, places, or things. DESERT implies intentionally violating an oath, formal obligation, or duty: to desert campaign pledges. ABANDON suggests giving up wholly and finally, whether of necessity, unwillingly, or through shirking responsibilities: to abandon a hopeless task; abandon a child. FORSAKE has emotional connotations, since it implies violating obligations of affection or association: to forsake a noble cause.
designated nominated or selected for a duty, office, purpose, etc.; — Syn. appointed; assigned. designate adjective named or selected for an office, position, etc., but not yet installed (often used in combination following the noun it modifies): ambassador-des- ignate.
destination noun 1) the place to which a person or thing travels or is sent: Her destination was Rome. 2) the purpose for which some thing is destined.
detention noun 1) the act of detaining. 2) the state of being detained. 3) maintenance of a person in custody or confinement, esp. while awaiting a court decision. 4) the withholding of what belongs to or is claimed by another.
detente noun a relaxing of tension, esp. between nations, as by negotiations or agreements.
devastate verb 1) to lay waste; render desolate: The invaders devastated the city. — Syn. destroy, sack, despoil, ravage. 2) to over whelm.
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Usage note
RAVAGE, DEVASTATE, LAY WASTE all refer, in their literal applica tion, to the wholesale destruction of a countryside by an invading army (or something comparable). LAY WASTE has remained the closest to the original meaning of destruction of land: The invading army laid waste the towns along the coast. But RAVAGE and DEVASTATE are used in reference to other types of violent destruction and may also have a pure ly figurative application. RAVAGE is often used of the results of epi demics: The Black Plague ravaged 14th-century Europe; and even of the effect of disease or suffering on the human countenance: a face ravaged by despair. DEVASTATE, in addition to its concrete meaning (vast areas devastated by bombs), may be used figuratively: a devastating remark.
develop verb 1) to bring out the capabilities or possibilities of; bring to a more advanced or effective state: to develop natural resources. 2) to cause to grow or expand: to develop one’s muscles.
3) to elaborate or expand in detail: to develop a theory. 4) to bring into being or activity; generate; evolve.
development noun 1) the act or process of developing; growth; progress: economic development. — Syn. expansion, elaboration, growth, evolution; unfolding, opening, maturing, matura tion. — Ant. deterioration, disintegration.2) a significant conse quence or event: recent developments in the field of science. 3) a developed state or form: Drama reached its highest development in the plays of Shakespeare. — Syn. maturity, ripeness.
dictator noun a person exercising absolute power, esp. a ruler who has absolute, unrestricted control in a government without hereditary succession.
directly-elected chosen by open vote, as for an office (contrasted with appointed).
disarmament noun 1) the act or an instance of disarming. 2) the reduction or limitation of the size, equipment, armament, etc., of the army, navy, or air force of a country.
disaster noun a calamitous event, esp. one occurring suddenly and causing great loss of life, damage, or hardship, as a flood, airplane crash, or business failure. — Syn. mischance, misfortune, misad venture, mishap, accident, blow, reverse, adversity, affliction.
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Usage note
DISASTER, CALAMITY, CATASTROPHE, CATACLYSM refer to adverse happenings often occurring suddenly and unexpectedly. A DISASTER may be caused by carelessness, negligence, bad judg ment, or the like, or by natural forces, as a hurricane or flood: a rail road disaster. CALAMITY suggests great affliction, either personal or general; the emphasis is on the grief or sorrow caused: the calami ty of losing a child. CATASTROPHE refers esp. to the tragic out come of a personal or public situation; the emphasis is on the destruction or irreplaceable loss: the catastrophe of a defeat in battle. CATACLYSM, physically an earth shaking change, refers to a per sonal or public upheaval of unparalleled violence: a cataclysm that turned his life in a new direction.
dispute verb 1) to argue or debate about; discuss. 2) to argue against; call in question: to dispute a proposal. 3) to quarrel or fight about; contest. 4) to strive against; oppose: to dispute an advance of troops.
disrupted 1) in disorder or in turmoil. 2) destroyed, usually tem porarily; interrupted. 3) broken apart.
dissolve verb 1) to make a solution of, as by mixing with a liquid; pass into solution: to dissolve salt in water. 2) to undo (a tie or bond); break up (a connection, union, etc.) 3) to break up (an assem bly or organization) ; dismiss; disperse. 4) Govt. to order the ter mination of (a parliament or other legislative body). 5) to bring to an end; terminate; destroy: to dissolve one’s hopes. 6) to sepa rate into parts or elements; disintegrate. 7) to destroy the bind ing power or influence of: to dissolve a spell.
distribute verb 1) to divide and give out in shares; deal out; allot. — Syn. assign, mete, apportion, distribute, dispense.
2)to disperse through a space or over an area; spread; scatter.
3)to promote, sell, and ship or deliver (an item or line of mer chandise) to individual customers, esp. in a specified region or area.
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Usage note
DISTRIBUTE, DISPENSE apply to giving out something. DIS TRIBUTE implies apportioned, individualized giving, esp. of some thing that is definite or limited in amount or number: The prizes were distributed among ten winners. DISPENSE formerly implied indis criminate, general, and liberal giving, esp. of something that was more or less indefinite or unmeasured in amount: to dispense largess. It now applies chiefly to giving according to need or deserts, from an organized and official source: to dispense medicines and food to the victims.
drop sb. off (at sth.) phrasal verb to take someone by car to a partic ular place that you are driving past: She usually drops the kids off at school on her way to work.
dual adjective 1) of, pertaining to, or noting two. 2) composed or consisting of two people, items, parts, etc., together; twofold; double: dual ownership. 3) having a twofold, or double, charac ter or nature.
Eastern Orthodoxy the faith, practice, membership, and govern ment of the Eastern Orthodox Church, one of the Christian churches in eastern Europe and parts of Asia.
economy noun 1) thrifty management; frugality in the expenditure or consumption of money, materials, etc. 2) the management of the resources of a community, country, etc., esp. with a view to its productivity. 3) the disposition or regulation of the parts or functions of any organic whole; an organized system or method. 4) the efficient, sparing, or concise use of something: an economy of effort; an economy of movement.
elect verb 1) to choose or select by vote, as for an office: to elect a mayor. — Ant. reject. 2) to determine in favor of (a method, course of action, etc.) 3) to pick out; choose: Firstyear students may elect French, Spanish, or German. — Syn. choose.
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Usage note
CHOOSE, SELECT, PICK, ELECT, PREFER indicate a decision that one or more possibilities are to be regarded more highly than others. CHOOSE suggests a decision on one of a number of possibilities because of its apparent superiority: to choose a course of action. SELECT suggests a choice made for fitness: to select the proper golf club. PICK, an informal word, suggests a selection on personal grounds: to pick a winner. The formal word ELECT suggests a kind of official action: to elect a representative. PREFER, also formal, emphasizes the desire or liking for one thing more than for another or others: to prefer coffee to tea.
election noun 1) the selection of a person or persons for office by vote. 2) a public vote upon a proposition submitted.
embassy noun 1) a body of persons entrusted with a mission to a sov ereign or government, esp. an ambassador and his or her staff. 2) the official headquarters of an ambassador. 3) the function or office of an ambassador. 4) a mission headed by an ambassador.
emerge verb 1) to come forth into view or notice, as from conceal ment or obscurity: a ship emerging from the fog. — Syn. emanate, issue. 2) to rise or come forth from or as if from water or other liquid. 3) to come up or arise, as a question or difficulty. 4) to come into existence; develop. 5) to rise, as from an inferior or unfortunate state or condition.
Usage note
EMERGE, EMANATE, ISSUE mean to come forth. EMERGE is used of coming forth from a place shut off from view, or from conceal ment, or the like, into sight and notice: The sun emerges from behind the clouds. EMANATE is used of intangible things, as light or ideas, spread ing from a source: Rumors often emanate from irresponsible persons. ISSUE is often used of a number of persons, a mass of matter, or a vol ume of smoke, sound, or the like, coming forth through any outlet or outlets: The crowd issued from the building.
empty adjective 1) containing nothing; having none of the usual or appropriate contents: an empty bottle. 2) vacant; unoccupied: an empty house. 3) without cargo or load: an empty wagon. 4) desti
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tute of people or human activity: We walked along the empty streets of the city at night. 5) destitute of some quality or qualities; devoid (usually fol. by of ): Theirs is a life now empty of happiness.
6) without force, effect, or significance; hollow; meaningless: empty compliments; empty pleasures. 7) not employed in useful activity or work; idle: empty summer days.
encounter verb 1) to come upon or meet with, esp. unexpectedly: to encounter a new situation. 2) to meet with or contend against (difficulties, opposition, etc.): We encounter so many problems in our work. 3) to meet (a person, military force, etc.) in conflict:
We will encounter the enemy at dawn.
endemic to adjective belonging exclusively or confined to a particu lar place: a fever endemic to the tropics.
enforce verb 1) to put or keep in force; compel obedience to: to enforce a rule; Traffic laws will be strictly enforced. — Syn. administer, impose, execute, apply. 2) to obtain (payment, obe dience, etc.) by force or compulsion. 3) to impose (a course of action) upon a person: The doctor enforced a strict dietary regimen. 4) to support (a demand, claim, etc.) by force: to enforce one’s rights as a citizen. 5) to impress or urge (an argument, contention, etc.) forcibly; lay stress upon: He enforced his argument by adding details.
ensure gender equality to guarantee gender equality.
environment noun 1) the aggregate of surrounding things, condi tions, or influences; surroundings; milieu. — Syn. locale, envi rons. 2) Ecol. the air, water, minerals, organisms, and all other external factors surrounding and affecting a given organism at any time. 3) the social and cultural forces that shape the life of a person or a population.
Usage note
ENVIRONMENT, MILIEU, AMBIANCE, SETTING, SUR ROUNDINGS all refer to what makes up the atmosphere or back ground against which someone or something is seen. ENVIRONMENT may refer either to actual physical surroundings or to social or cultural background factors: an environment of crime and grinding poverty.
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