Terekhova_E_Dvustoronniy_perevod_obshchestvenn

Rule 13.

Omit c before k and q.

Rule 14.

Omit silent gh before t.

Rule 16.

Omit n before g and when these letters form the sound of ng in sing.

Rule 17.

Omit n before d and t except after initial vowels.

Rule 18.

Omit silent n after m.

Rule 19.

Omit r before another consonant except after initial vowels.

REVIEW

OMIT

1.Internal vowels.

2.One consonant in a double consonant.

3.a, e, o, u in internal and final ay, ey, oy, uy.

4.Final e after l preceded by another consonant.

5.Final e after v and z.

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6.a in initial ea and oa and in final ea (pronounced ee).

7.One e in initial and final ee.

8.e in final oe (oh) and ue (oo).

9.Final silent ue.

10.u after q.

11.c before k and q.

12.Silent gh before t.

13.n in endings nce, ncy except in short words.

14.n before d and t except in short words.

15.Silent n after m.

16.r before another consonant except after in initial vowels and in some short words.

RETAIN:

w in all words

Internal y if preceded by another vowel. Final vowel s of abbreviation when s is added.

Any letter(s) you may need in order to read your notes.

Таблица 5

PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES

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272

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Note

Dear Sir Dear Mr. C. it’s

Yours truly

use 3 for three etc. written

writing writer, wrote

V.СЛОВАРЬ-МИНИМУМ ЛЕКСИКИ ОБЩЕСТВЕННОПОЛИТИЧЕСКИХ И ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ ТЕКСТОВ С СИНОНИМИЧЕСКИМИ РЯДАМИ (ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ

ПО СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТЯМ МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЕ ОТНОШЕНИЯ

И ПОЛИТОЛОГИЯ)

abolish verb to do away with; put an end to; annul; make void: to abolish slavery. — Syn. suppress, nullify, cancel; annihilate, obliterate, extinguish; exterminate, extirpate, eliminate, eradi cate, stamp out. — Ant. establish.

Usage note

ABOLISH, ERADICATE, STAMP OUT mean to do away completely with something. To ABOLISH is to cause to cease, often by a summary order: to abolish a requirement. STAMP OUT implies forcibly making an end to something considered undesirable or harmful: to stamp out the opium traffic. ERADICATE (literally, to tear out by the roots), a formal word, suggests extirpation, leaving no vestige or trace: to eradicate all use of child labor.

accomplish verb 1) to bring to its goal or conclusion; carry out; per form; finish: to accomplish one’s mission. — Syn. complete, ful

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fill; execute, effect. — Ant. block, defeat, fail. 2) to complete (a distance or period of time): to have accomplished the age of 70; We accomplished the journey in little more than an hour.

account for phrasal verb 1) to give an explanation (usually fol. by for ): to account for the accident. 2) to answer concerning one’s con duct, duties, etc. (usually fol. by for): to account for the missing typewriters. 3) to provide a report on money received, kept, and spent. 4) to cause (usually fol. by for): The humidity accounts for our discomfort. His reckless driving accounted for the accident.

administrative entity political subdivision.

advance/progress noun a forward movement or to a further or high er stage; change, discovery, or invention that brings progress. Syn. — development, improvement. Ant. — decline, regress.

advocate verb to speak or write in favor of; support or urge by argu ment; recommend publicly: He advocated higher salaries for teachers.

advocacy noun the act of pleading for, supporting, or recommend ing; active espousal: He was known for his advocacy of states’ rights.

affect meat industry to act on; produce an effect on meat industry.

Usage note

AFFECT1 and EFFECT, each both noun and verb, share the sense of “influence,” and because of their similarity in pronunciation are some times confused in writing. As a verb AFFECT1 means “to act on” or “to move” (His words affected the crowd so deeply that many wept); AFFECT2 means “to pretend” or “to assume” (new students affecting a nonchalance they didn’t feel). The verb EFFECT means “to bring about, accomplish”: Her administration effected radical changes. The noun EFFECT means “result, consequence”: the serious effects of the oil spill. The noun AFFECT1 pronounced with the stress on the first sylla ble, is a technical term in psychology and psychiatry. AFFECT2 is not used as a noun.

aid (humanitarian aid) help given by one nation to another for pur poses of relief and rehabilitation.

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ancestor noun 1) a person from whom one is descended; forebear; progenitor. 2) an object, idea, style, or occurrence serving as a prototype, forerunner, or inspiration to a later one: The balloon is an ancestor of the modern dirigible. 3) a person who serves as an influence or model for another; one from whom mental, artis tic, spiritual, etc., descent is claimed: a philosophical ancestor.

ancient adjective 1) of or in time long past, esp. before the end of the Western Roman Empire A.D. 476: ancient history. 2) dating from a remote period; of great age: ancient rocks; ancient trees. 3) very old; aged: an ancient folk tale. 4) being old in wisdom and experience; venerable. 5) old fashioned or antique.

appoint verb 1) to name or assign to a position, an office, or the like; designate: to appoint a new treasurer; to appoint a judge to the bench. — Syn. choose, select. — Ant. dismiss, discharge. 2) to determine by authority or agreement; fix; set: to appoint a time for the meeting. — Syn. prescribe, establish.

APEC Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation. ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations.

astounding adjective capable of overwhelming with amazement; stunningly surprising.

at high elevation at high level.

authorities noun, pl. persons having the legal power to make and enforce the law; government: They finally persuaded the authorities that they were not involved in espionage.

authority noun 1) the power to determine, adjudicate, or otherwise settle issues or disputes; jurisdiction; the right to control, com mand, or determine. 2) a power or right delegated or given; authorization: Who has the authority to grant permission?. 3) a person or body of persons in whom authority is vested, as a gov ernmental agency. 4) a quotation or citation from such a source.

5) an expert on a subject: He is an authority on baseball. 6) per suasive force; conviction: She spoke with authority.

authorize 1) to give authority or official power to; empower: to authorize an employee to sign purchase orders. 2) to give authority for; formally sanction (an act or proceeding):

Congress authorized the new tax on tobacco. 3) to establish by

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authority or usage: an arrangement long authorized by etiquette books.

average verb 1) to find an average value for (a variable quantity); reduce to a mean: We averaged the price of milk in five neighborhood stores. 2) (of a variable quantity) to have as its arithmetic mean: Wheat averages 56 pounds to a bushel. 3) to do or have on the average: He averages seven hours of sleep a night. 4) to have or show an average: to average as expected. 5) average down, to purchase more of a security or commodity at a lower price to reduce the average cost of one’s holdings. 6) average out, a) to come out of a security or commodity transaction with a profit or without a loss. b) to reach an average or other figure: His taxes should average out to about a fifth of his income. 7) average up, to purchase more of a security or commodity at a higher price to take advantage of a contemplated further rise in prices.

balance the scales 1) to try to give equal importance to two things. 2) to get into a steady position, without falling to one side or the other, or to put something into this position.

ban verb 1) to prohibit, forbid, or bar; interdict: to ban nuclear weapons; The dictator banned all newspapers and books that criticized his regime. — Syn. taboo, outlaw, proscribe. — Ant. allow. ban noun 2) the act of prohibiting by law; interdiction. — Syn. prohibition, proscription, interdict, taboo. 3) informal denunci ation or prohibition, as by public opinion: society’s ban on racial discrimination. — Syn. taboo.

be confined to/ by 1) limited or restricted. 2) unable to leave a place because of illness, imprisonment, etc. — Ant. free.

be on the rise to experience elevation or increase in rank, fortune, influence, power, etc.

be responsible for 1) answerable or accountable, as for something within one’s power, control, or management (often fol. by to or for): He is responsible to the president for his decisions. — Syn. liable. 2) having a capacity for moral decisions and therefore accountable; capable of rational thought or action: The defendant is not responsible for his actions. — Syn. competent.

be underrepresented not presented widely enough.

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bet verb to wager with (something or someone). — Syn. gamble, stake, risk, hazard, venture.

blaze a trail to lead in forming or finding (a new method, course, etc.): The company has blazed a trail in robotic technology.

border noun 1) the part or edge of a surface or area that forms its outer boundary. — Syn. rim, periphery, verge. 2) the line that separates one country, state, province, etc., from another; fron tier line: You cannot cross the border without a visa. — Syn. boundary.

branches of power it means three most important branches of Government: legislative, executive, judiciary. Sometimes mass media is called the fourth branch.

bulldoze (a decision) to force officials to make a decision. — Sin. to twist an arm of.

call for phrasal verb 1) to go or come to get; pick up; fetch. 2) to request; summon. 3) to require; demand; need: The occasion calls for a cool head.

Usage note

CALL, INVITE, SUMMON imply requesting the presence or atten dance of someone at a particular place. CALL is the general word: to call a meeting. To INVITE is to ask someone courteously to come as a guest, a participant, etc., leaving the person free to refuse: to invite guests to a concert; to invite them to contribute to a fund. SUMMON implies sending for someone, using authority or formality in making the request and (theoretically) not leaving the person free to refuse: to summon a witness, members of a committee, etc.

(camp)site noun a place, position or location used or suitable for camping.

capacity noun 1) the ability to receive or contain: This hotel has a large capacity. 2) the maximum amount or number that can be received or contained; cubic contents; volume: The inn is filled to capacity. The gasoline tank has a capacity of 20 gallons. — Syn. dimensions, amplitude. 3) power of receiving impressions, knowledge, etc.; mental ability: the capacity to learn calculus. — Syn. endowment, talent, gifts. 4) actual or potential ability to

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perform, yield, or withstand: He has a capacity for hard work. The capacity of the oil well was 150 barrels a day. She has the capacity to go two days without sleep. — Syn. aptitude, adequacy, competence, capability. 5) quality or state of being susceptible to a given treatment or action: Steel has a high capacity to withstand. 6) position; function; role: He served in the capacity of legal adviser. 7) legal qualification.

catch a glimpse of to see someone or something for a short time: I caught only a glimpse of the president’s car.

chain (chain of commands) a series of commands connected or fol lowing one after the other. Very often it means a hierarchy of subordination.

chaos noun 1) a state of utter confusion or disorder; a total lack of organization or order. — Syn. disarray, jumble, turmoil, tumult.

— Ant. order, peace, calm. 2) any confused, disorderly mass: a chaos of meaningless phrases.

chair (chairperson, chairman) noun 1) a person who presides over a meeting, committee, board, etc. 2) the administrative head of a department in a high school, college, or university.

Usage note

CHAIRPERSON has, since the 1960s, come to be used widely as an alternative to either CHAIRMAN or CHAIRWOMAN. This change has sprung largely from a desire to avoid CHAIRMAN, which is felt by many to be inappropriate and even sexually discriminatory when applied to a woman. In some organizations, notably academic and, to a lesser extent, governmental, CHAIRPERSON has been adopted as the official term for anyone who fills the position in question. Some publishers and publications specify the use of CHAIRPERSON in their style guides. Despite such widespread acceptance, some newspapers, press associa tions, and other news media do not use CHAIRPERSON at all, usually on the grounds that it is awkward and that CHAIRMAN is a well estab lished generic term covering both sexes. Some publications and organi zations use the term CHAIR to designate the presiding officer, thus avoiding charges of both sexism and awkwardness: Jim will be chair of the entertainment committee this year, and Jane will be chair next year. CHAIRPERSON is standard in all varieties of speech and writing.

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