Страдательный залог (Passive Voice)

Залог - это форма глагола, которая показывает, является ли подлежащее производителем действия, выраженного сказуемым, или само подлежащее подвергается воздействию. В английском языке имеется два залога: the Active Voice (действительный залог) и the Passive Voice (страдательный залог). Страдательный залог показывает, что действие направлено на предмет или лицо, выраженное подлежащим. Образуется: to be + V +ed

Употребляется в следующих случаях: 1. Когда в центре внимания находится лицо или предмет, которые подвергаются действию, а не лицо или предмет, которые совершают действие.

2. Когда лицо, совершающее действие, несущественно, неизвестно или не упоминается по каким-либо причинам.

Пассивный залог в разных временных формах:

Aspect	Tense	Present		Past	Future
Indefinite			am is asked are	was were asked		shall will be asked
Continuous			am is being asked are	was were being asked		------------
Perfect			have has been asked	had been asked		shall will have been asked

Например:

Active Voice	Passive Voice
Present Indefinite Tense
Dana washes the room.	The room is washed (by Dana)
Past Indefinite Tense
Dana washed the room	The room was washed (by Dana)
Future Indefinite Tense
Dana will wash the room	The room will be washed (by Dana)
Present Perfect Tense
Dana has washed the room	The room has been washed (by Dana)
Past Perfect Tense
Dana had washed the room, before I came.	The room had been washed, before I came.
Future Perfect Tense
Dana will have washed the room by 10 o’clock.	The room will have been washed by 10 o clock.
Present Continuous Tense
Dana is washing the room	The room is being washed (by Dana).
Past Continuous Tense
Dana was washing the room.	The room was being washed (by Dana).
Future Continuous Tense
Dana will be washing the room at 10 o clock. tomorrow.	--------

Чтобы показать, кем/чем совершается действие, используются предлоги:

By	With
Перед одушевленным предметом, а также после глаголов типа: damage, make, discover, write, etc. This building was designed by Rossi. He was brought up by his aunt. The window was broken by this stone. The theatre was destroyed by fire.	Указывается, какой предмет, орудие, инструмент использован для совершения действия. He was killed with a knife. It was drawn with a stick. The bag was cut with a razor. The stone is very soft. It can be cut with a knife.

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

Exercise 1. Составьте предложения из предложенных в скобках слов в страдательном залоге настоящего времени.

1. (this room / clean / every day) ................................................................. .

2. (how often / the room / clean?) ................................................................ ?

3. (glass / make / from sand) Glass .............................................................. .

4. (stamps / sell / in a post office) ................................................................. .

5. (football / play / in most countries) ........................................................... .

6. (this machine / not / use / very often) ......................................................... .

7. (what language / speak / in Ethiopia?) What ……………...................... ?

8. (what / this machine / use / for?) ............................................................. ?

Exercise 2. Составьте предложения из предложенных в скобках слов в страдательном залоге прошедшего времени.

1. (the room / clean / yesterday) ...................................................................... .

2. (when / the room / clean?) .......................................................................... ?

3. (this room / paint / last month) This room .................................................. .

4. (these houses / build / about 50 years ago) .................................................. .

5. (Ann's bicycle / steal / last week) ................................................................ .

6. (three people / injure / in the accident) ....................................................... .

7. (when / this church / build?) When ............................................................ ?

8. (when / television / invent?) ....................................................................... ?

9. (how / the window / break?) ...................................................................... ?

10. (anybody / injure / in the accident?) ........................................................ ?

11. (why / the letter / send / to the wrong address?) ...................................... ?

Exercise 3. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами. Используйте страдательный залог.

blow, build, clean, damage, find, invent, make, make, pay, show, speak, steal

1. The room is cleaned every day. 2. Two trees were blown down in the storm last night. 3. Paper __ ____ from wood. 4. There was a fire at the hotel last week. Two rooms __ ___ . 5. Many different languages __ ___ in India. 6. These houses are very old. They __ ___ about 500 years ago. 7. Many American programmes __ ___ on British television. 8. 'Is this a very old film?' 'Yes. It __ ___ in 1949.' 9. My car __ ___ last week. The next day it __ ___ by the police. 10. The transistor __ ___ in 1948. 11. She has a very good job. She __ ___ £3000 a month.

Exercise 4. Определите подлежащее и сказуемое в следующих предложениях, укажите время и залог.

1. They are coming on Tuesday. 2. The driver wanted a holiday. 3. Ann was taken in her friend's car. 4. Nick was rather surprised. 5. Tom knocked on the door. 6. The door was opened by aunt Mary. 7. The rabbit was killed by the dog. 8. Mr. Brown will teach us tomorrow. 10. The coffee was brought by Mary. 11. The article was written on Monday.

Exercise 5. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на глаголы в страдательном залоге.

1. The lecturer makes a report. A report is made by the lecturer. 2. The students translate this text. The text is translated by the students. 3. They show a new film at our cinema. A new film is shown at our cinema. 4. They told me about the meeting. I was told about the meeting. 5. Her father wrote this letter. This letter was written by her father. 6. She washed her dresses. Her dresses were washed (by her). 7. We shall learn this rule. This rule will be learned (by us). 8. She will meet us at the station. We shall be met at the station (by her).

Exercise 6. Употребите следующие предложения в страдательном залоге.

1. Nick opens the door. 2. Mary helps the teacher. 3. Mr. Smith welcomes the visitors. 4. Ann brings us the coffee. 5. I finish my work at 5 o'clock. 6. Popov invented the radio in 1895. 7. He fulfilled his work in time. 8. They are building a new house in our street. 9. They have already met the guests. 10. My brother will send the telegram tomorrow.

Exercise 7. Употребите глаголы в скобках в страдательном залоге. Переведите предложения.

1. This letter (to write) yesterday. 2. This question (to answer) at the last lesson. 3. This text (to translate) by him tomorrow. 4. The task (to give) by the teacher at every lesson. 5. This agreement (to sign) next month. 6. You (to show) the way to the city tomorrow. 7. The house (to build), soon we shall move into a new flat. 8. You often (to ask) by the teacher at the lessons?