Английский в алгоритмах.Фомина
.pdfПродуктивные способы словообразования: суффиксация, префиксация, |
|
|
|
|
|
Суффиксыглаголов |
|
|
|
||||||||||||||
конверсияисловосложение |
|
|
|
|
|
Суффиксы |
Исходная |
|
|
Перевод |
|
|
Образованное |
|
|
Перевод |
Образуетсяот... |
||||||
|
|
Суффиксыимен существительных |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
форма |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
слово |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
en |
deep |
|
глубокий |
|
|
deepen |
|
углублять |
Adj. |
||||||
Суф- |
Исходная |
Перевод |
Образованное |
Перевод |
Образуется |
Примечание |
|
ize |
organ |
|
орган |
|
|
|
organize |
|
организовывать |
N |
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
фиксы |
форма |
|
слово |
|
от... |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Суффиксынаречий |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
служит для обра- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Образованное |
|
|
|
||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
зован. существи- |
|
Суффиксы |
Исходнаяформа |
|
Перевод |
Перевод |
Примечание |
|
|||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
слово |
|
|
|
|||||||||||
еr/ог |
play |
играть |
player |
игрок| |
V |
тельных, обозна- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
чающих лицо, |
|
ly |
quick |
|
|
быстрый |
|
quickly |
|
|
быстро |
обозначает |
|
||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
носитель |
|
ward |
south |
|
|
юг |
|
|
|
|
southward |
|
|
к югу |
направление |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
действия |
|
Префиксация — образование новых слов путем прибавления префикса (приставки) к |
|||||||||||||||
ist |
social |
общественный |
socialist |
социалист |
Adj. |
– |
|
||||||||||||||||
|
|
основе слова |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
ing |
read |
читать |
reading |
чтение |
V |
образует |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Исходная |
Производное |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
абстрактные |
|
Префиксы |
|
|
|
Перевод |
|
|
Примечание |
|
|||||||
ism |
hero |
герой |
heroism |
героизм |
N |
существительные |
|
форма |
|
слово |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
un |
seen |
unseen |
|
невидимый |
|
|
Придает словам отрицательное |
||||||||
ness |
hard |
твердый |
hardness |
твердость |
Adj. |
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||||
|
|
in |
correct |
incorrect |
|
неверный |
|
|
значение |
|
|
||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
ment |
move |
двигать |
movement |
движение |
V |
– |
0 |
im |
possible |
impossible |
невозможный |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ir |
regular |
irregular |
|
неправильный |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
tion |
compete |
соревноваться |
competition |
соревно- |
V |
|
re |
write |
rewrite |
|
переписать |
|
Обозначает повторность |
|
|||||||||
вание |
|
|
pre |
war |
prewar |
|
довоенный |
|
|
Выражает предшествование |
|
||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
post |
war |
postwar |
|
послевоенный |
|
Выражает последовательность |
|
||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
dis |
appear |
disappear |
исчезать |
|
|
Указывает на противоположное |
|
||||||||
|
|
Суффиксыименприлагательных |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
свойство |
|
|
||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
Суф- |
Исходная |
Перевод |
Образован |
Перевод |
Образуется |
Примечание |
|
фиксы |
форма |
ное слово |
от... |
||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
beauty |
красота |
beautiful |
красивый |
N |
выражает |
|
full |
наличие |
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
качества |
|
у |
sun |
солнце |
sunny |
солнечный |
N |
|
|
al |
nature |
природа |
natural |
природный |
N |
|
|
ish |
red |
красный |
reddish |
красноватый |
Adj. |
наличие неполной |
|
степени качества |
|||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
en |
wool |
шерсть |
woollen |
шерстяной |
N |
обозначает |
|
качество |
|||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
less |
hope |
надежда |
hopeless |
безнадежный |
N |
отсутствие каче- |
|
ства |
|||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Конверсия –– образование новых слов без помощи суффиксов и префиксов.
Глагол |
Существительное |
to run – бегать |
run – бег |
to feed – кормить |
feed – корм |
to taste – пробовать |
taste – проба |
work – работа |
to work – работать |
wet – мокрый |
to wet – замочить |
hand – рука |
to hand - передавать |
Образование слов путем изменения ударения
Существительное |
Глагол |
|
|
'produce – продукт |
to pro'duce – производить |
'export – экспорт |
to ex'port – вывозить |
'present – подарок |
to pre'sent – дарить |
|
|
160 |
161 |
Словосложение – образование новых слов путем соединения основ двух и более слов. |
|
|
effect |
effect |
(in)effective, (in)effectual |
|||||||
Существительное |
|
|
Прилагательное |
|
Глагол |
|
|
elegance |
|
(in)elegant |
||
|
|
|
|
|
emphasis |
emphasise |
emphatic |
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
dining-room – столовая |
|
grey-haired – седой |
|
to broadcast – передать |
|
employer, employee |
(un)employment |
employ |
(un)employed, |
|||
spaceship – космический |
|
well-known – хорошо |
|
по радио |
|
|
|
|
(un)employable |
|||
корабль |
|
|
известный |
|
|
|
|
|
encouragement |
encourage |
encouraging |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
equipment |
equipment |
equip |
equipped |
|||
not-me-forget – незабудка |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
examiner, examinee |
exam(ination) |
examine |
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
exclusive |
|||
|
|
|
|
Word formation |
|
|
|
exclusion |
exclude |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
expectation, |
expect |
(un)expected |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
expentancy |
|
|
Конкретное |
|
Абстрактное |
Глагол |
Прилагательное |
|
expenses |
expense, expenditure |
|
(in)expensive |
|||
существительное |
|
существительное |
|
explosive |
explosion |
explode |
explosive |
|||||
|
Verb |
Adjective |
|
|||||||||
Concrete Noun |
|
Abstract Noun |
|
extremist |
extremity, extreme, |
|
extreme |
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
extremism |
|
|
||||
|
|
(in/dis)abilityactor, |
enable |
(un)able, disabled |
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
|
failure |
fail, failure |
fail |
|
||||||
|
|
accommodation |
accommodate |
(un)accommodating |
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
fame |
|
(in)famous |
||||||
|
|
accuracy |
|
|
|
(in)accurate |
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
familiarity |
familiarise |
(un)familiar |
|||
|
|
achievement |
achieve |
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
foreigner |
|
|
foreign |
|||||
actor, actress |
|
act, action, activity. |
act |
(in)active |
|
harm |
|
|||||
|
|
harm |
harm |
harmful, -less |
||||||||
admirer |
|
admiration |
admire |
admirable |
|
|||||||
|
|
|
height |
heighten |
high |
|||||||
adventurer |
|
adventure |
|
|
|
adventurous |
|
|
||||
|
|
|
|
|
immigrant |
immigration |
immigrate |
|
||||
advertisement |
|
advertising |
advertise |
advertising |
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
importance |
|
(un) important |
|||||||
adviser |
|
advice |
|
advise |
(in)advisable |
|
|
|
||||
|
|
|
|
impression |
impress |
(un)impressive |
||||||
|
|
amusement |
amuse |
amusing, -ed |
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
industrialist |
industry, |
industrialise |
industrial |
||||||
|
|
anger |
|
anger |
angry |
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
industrialisation |
|
|
|||||
|
|
annoyance |
annoy |
annoying, -ed |
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
|
injury |
injury |
injure |
injured, injurious |
||||||
|
|
anxiety |
|
|
|
anxious |
0 |
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
intelligence |
|
(un) intelligent |
||||
applicant, application |
|
|
|
|
apply |
applying, -ed |
interviewer, |
interview |
||||
|
|
(dis)appearance |
(dis)appear |
disappearing |
|
interview |
|
|||||
|
|
|
interviewee |
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
attraction |
|
attract |
(un)attractive |
|
invasion |
|
|
|||
|
|
bother |
|
bother |
bothersome |
|
invader |
invade |
invasive |
|||
|
|
breakage |
|
break |
(un)broken, |
|
|
involvement |
involve |
involved |
||
|
|
|
|
|
knowledge |
know |
knowing, knowledgeable |
|||||
carer |
|
care, carefulness, |
care |
(un)breakable |
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
life, living |
live |
(a) live, lively, living |
|||||||
|
|
carelessness |
|
|
careful, careless |
|
|
|||||
centre |
|
|
|
|
centre |
central |
|
loner |
loneliness |
|
(a)lone, lonely, lonesome |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
luck |
|
(un)lucky |
||||
|
|
change |
|
change |
(un)changeable |
|
|
|
||||
|
|
|
|
|
majority |
|
major |
|||||
child (children) |
|
childhood |
|
|
|
childish, childlike |
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
mix, mixture, mixer |
mix, mixture |
mix |
mixed |
||||
|
|
climate |
|
|
|
climatic |
|
|||||
|
|
combination |
combine |
combined |
|
mountain, |
mountaineering |
|
mountainous |
|||
communicator |
|
communication |
communicate |
(un)communicative |
|
mountaineer |
necessity |
necessitate |
(un) necessary |
|||
|
|
completion |
complete |
(in)complete |
|
occupier, occupant |
||||||
|
|
(in)comprehension |
comprehend |
(in)comprehensible |
|
occupation |
occupy |
occupied |
||||
|
|
confidence |
confide |
confident, confidential |
|
perfectionist |
patience |
|
(im) patient |
|||
conversationalist |
|
conversation |
converse |
conversational |
|
perfection |
perfect |
(im) perfect |
||||
correction |
|
correction, correctness |
correct |
(in)correct |
|
photograph, -er |
photography |
photograph |
photographic |
|||
crowd |
|
|
|
|
crowd |
crowded |
|
politician |
politics |
politicise |
political |
|
|
|
danger |
|
endanger |
dangerous |
|
pollutant |
pollution |
pollute |
(un) polluted |
||
|
|
depression |
depress |
depressive, depressed, |
|
predictor |
possibility |
|
(im) possible |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
depressing |
|
prediction, |
predict |
(un) predictable |
|
|
|
determination |
determine |
determining, -ed |
|
|
predictability |
|
|
|||
developer |
|
development |
develop |
developing, -ed |
|
producer, product |
produce, production |
produce |
(un) productive |
|||
|
|
difficulty |
|
|
|
difficult |
|
|
pronunciation |
pronounce |
(un) pronounceable, |
|
dramatist, drama |
|
drama |
|
dramatise |
dramatic |
|
pursuer |
pursuit |
pursue |
pronounced |
||
|
|
east |
|
|
|
east, eastern, easterly |
|
qualifier |
qualification |
qualify |
(un)qualified |
|
economist |
|
economy, economics |
economise |
(un)economic(al) |
|
reactor |
reaction |
react |
reactive |
|||
educator |
|
education |
|
educate |
educative, educational |
|
|
refreshment |
refresh |
refreshing |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
162 |
163 |
|
|
relaxation |
|
relax |
relaxing, -ed |
|
instruction |
|
instruct |
|
|
|
|
reluctance |
|
|
reluctant |
|
|
wonderful |
wonder |
wonderfully |
|
resident, residence |
residence |
|
reside |
residential |
|
significance |
significant |
signify |
significally |
||
|
|
(dis)respect, |
|
respect |
(dis) respectful, |
|
nature |
natural |
|
|
|
|
|
respectability |
|
|
respectable |
|
origin |
original |
|
|
|
safe |
safety |
|
save |
(un)safe |
|
terror |
terrible |
terrify |
|
||
selector |
selection, selectivity |
|
select |
select, selective |
|
|
suitable |
suit |
|
||
|
|
shame |
|
shame |
ashamed, shameful, |
|
intent |
intentional |
intend |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
shameless |
|
magnificence |
magnificent |
|
|
|
|
|
shyness |
|
|
shy |
|
generousity |
generous |
|
|
|
|
|
similarity |
|
|
(dis)similar |
|
belief |
|
believe |
|
|
ski, skier |
skiing |
|
ski |
social, (un)sociable |
|
occupation |
|
occupy |
|
||
|
|
society |
|
socialise |
|
invention |
|
invent |
|
||
specialist |
speciality, |
|
specialise |
(e)special, specialised |
|
possibility |
possible |
|
|
||
|
|
specialisation |
|
|
(un)successful |
|
waking |
wakeful |
wake, waken |
wakefully |
|
|
|
success |
|
succeed |
|
|
|
performance |
|
perform |
|
|
|
temptation |
|
tempt |
tempting |
|
doubt |
doubtful |
|
|
|
tourist |
tour, tourism |
|
tour |
|
|
|
|
signature |
sign |
|
|
tranquilliser |
tranquillity |
|
tranquiilise |
tranquil |
|
sense |
sensibility |
sense |
|
||
|
|
treatment |
|
treat |
treatable |
|
sympathy |
sympathetic |
sympathize |
|
|
|
|
(mis) understanding |
|
(mis) |
understanding, |
|
day |
daily |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
understand |
understandable |
|
happiness |
happy |
|
|
|
valuer |
value |
|
value |
valuable |
|
attraction |
attractive |
attract |
|
||
visitor |
variation, variety |
|
vary |
various, variable,, |
|
shame |
shameful |
shame |
shamefully |
||
|
|
|
|
|
(un)varied |
|
activity |
active |
|
|
|
|
|
visit |
|
visit |
visiting |
|
count, countness |
|
count |
|
|
|
|
warning |
|
warn |
warning |
0 |
star |
starlight |
star |
|
|
youth, youngster |
youth, youthfulness |
|
|
young, youthful |
explanation |
|
explain |
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
accusation |
|
accuse |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
rain |
rainy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
anger |
angry |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
religion |
religious |
|
|
|
|
Task |
|
|
|
invitation |
|
invite |
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
excitement |
exciting |
excite |
|
|||
Learn the words: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
selection |
|
select |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
electicity |
electric |
|
|
||
Noun |
|
Adjective |
|
Verb |
|
Adverb |
|
space |
spacious |
|
|
truth |
|
true |
|
|
|
|
|
respectability |
respectful |
respect |
respectfully |
|
|
|
|
|
|
gift |
|
give |
|
||
|
|
birth |
bear |
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
disappearance |
|
disappear |
|
|||
|
|
acceptable |
accept |
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
satisfaction |
|
satisfy |
|
|||
exploration |
|
explorative |
explore |
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
connection |
|
connect |
|
||||
beauty |
|
beautiful |
beautify |
|
beautifully |
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
reduction |
|
reduce |
|
|||||
awkwardness |
|
awkward |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
please |
|
to be pleased |
|
||
Rome |
|
Roman |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
simplicity |
simplify |
simple |
|
||
South |
|
Southern |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
boredom |
boring |
bore |
|
||
observance |
|
observable |
observe |
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
|
|
fortune |
fortunate |
|
fortunatly |
||||
proof |
|
|
prove |
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
|
|
|
responsability |
responsive |
response |
|
|||
delivery |
|
|
deliver |
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
|
|
|
correspondence |
corresponding |
correspond |
|
|||
care |
|
carefull |
|
|
|
carefully |
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
slip |
slippery |
slip |
|
|||
competition |
|
competitive |
compete |
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
|
|
behaviour |
behave |
|
|
||||
practice |
|
|
practisize |
|
practically |
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
equality |
equal |
|
|
||||
lock |
|
|
lock, unlock |
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
art, artist |
artistical |
|
|
|||
animal |
|
animalist |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
reason |
reasonable |
|
reasonably |
||
fog |
|
foggy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
firmness |
firm |
|
|
||
freedom |
|
free |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
base |
basic |
base |
bacically |
||
meaning |
|
|
mean |
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
164 |
165 |
precision |
precise |
precisely |
|
|
|
|
|
|
government |
|
govern |
|
|
|
ГЛАВА III. ЛЕКСИКА. |
||
critic |
critical |
criticize |
|
|
|
|||
excellene |
excellent |
excel |
|
|
|
|||
choice |
|
choose |
|
|
|
|
|
|
entrance |
|
enter |
|
|
|
|
VOCABULARY. |
|
appliance |
contribute |
apply |
|
|
|
|
||
contribution |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ambition |
ambitious |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
accident |
accidental |
|
accidentally |
|
|
|
|
|
mystery |
mysterious |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
decesion |
|
decide |
|
|
|
|
|
|
departure |
|
depart |
|
|
|
|
Лексикон английского языка богат и многообразен. |
|
reliability |
reliable |
rely |
|
|
|
|
||
death |
dead |
die |
|
|
|
Тем не менее, |
воспользуемся опытом Эллочки Щукиной |
|
announcement |
|
announce |
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
из романа И.Ильфа и Е.Петрова. “Двенадцать стульев”, |
||||
embarrassment |
|
embarrass |
|
|
|
|||
arrival |
|
arrive |
|
|
|
которая легко и свободно изъяснялась тридцатью словами |
||
hospitality |
hospitable |
|
|
|
|
и |
составим |
лексический минимум максимально |
rotation |
rotating |
rotate |
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
востребованных слов и выражений английского языка. |
|||||
refusal |
|
refuse |
|
|
|
|||
success |
successful |
succeed |
successfully |
|
|
Довольно сложно объять необъятное, однако, возможно |
||
advertisement |
|
advertise |
|
|
|
если выделить ядро активной лексики и воспроизвести его |
||
importance |
important |
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
речевые алгоритмы. Именно изучение активного |
||||
finance |
financial |
|
|
|
|
|||
power |
powerful |
|
|
|
|
минимума позволит Вам легко освоить основы общения |
||
pride |
|
pride |
|
0 |
на английском языке. |
|||
vivacious |
vivid |
vivify |
vividly |
|
|
|
||
danger |
dangerous |
|
|
|
|
3.1. |
Общеупотребительные слова. |
|
speed |
speedy |
speed |
speedily |
|
|
|||
shabbiness |
shabby |
|
shabby |
|
|
|
Widely current vocabulary. |
|
talk |
talkative |
talk |
|
|
|
|
||
|
remarkable |
remark |
|
|
|
|
|
|
comparision |
comparable, |
compare |
comparatively |
|
|
Общеупотребительные слова отличает политематичность, |
||
|
comparative |
|
|
|
|
|||
однако, доминирующее ядро “Человек и окружающий его мир”.
3.1.1. Земля и Галактика. The Earth and Galaxy.
Galaxy – галактика
Constellation – созвездие
Comet – комета
Planet – планета
Star – звезда
Orbit – орбита
Asteroid – астероид
Meteor – метеор
Black Hole – черная дыра
166 |
167 |
Sun – Солнце |
Jupiter – Юпитер |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
Mercury – Меркурий |
Saturn – Сатурн |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
Venus – Венера |
Uranus – Уран |
|
|
|
Aquarius |
|
the Water Carrier Водолей |
|||
Earth – Земля |
Neptune – Нептун |
|
|
21.01 – 19.02 |
|
|
||||
Mars – Марс |
Pluto – Плутон |
|
|
|
Pisces |
|
the Fishes |
Рыбы |
||
|
Moon – луна |
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
|
|
|
20.02 – 20.03 |
|
|
|||
|
Half Moon – полумесяц |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Full Moon – полнолуние |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
New Moon – новолуние |
|
|
|
Chinese Astrology. Китайская астрология. |
|||||
|
Sleep-walker – лунатик |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Знаки зодиака. Zodiac signs. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
Aries |
the Ram |
Овен |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
21.03 – 20.04 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Taurus |
the Bull |
Телец |
|
Rat |
Buffalo / Ox |
|
Tiger |
|
Cat / Rabbit / Hare |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
21.04 – 20.05 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gemini |
the Twins |
Близнецы |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
21.05 – 20.06 |
|
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cancer |
the Crab |
Рак |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
21.06 – 20.07 |
|
|
Dragon |
Dog |
|
Snake / Serpent |
|
Horse |
|
|
Leo |
the Lion |
Лев |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
21.07 – 19/22.08 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Virgo |
the Virgin |
Дева |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
eeeeee20/23.08 – 22.09 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Libra |
the Scales |
Весы |
|
Goat / Sheep |
Monkey |
|
Rooster / Cock |
|
Pig / Boar |
|
23.09 – 22.10 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
H2O |
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
Scorpio |
the Scorpion |
Скорпион |
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
23.10 – 21.11 |
|
|
Water – вода |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sagittarius |
the Archer |
Стрелец |
|
Brook – ручей |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Spring – источник |
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
22.11 – 20.12 |
|
|
Stream – поток |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Well – колодец |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capricorn |
the Goat |
Козерог |
|
Fountain – фонтан |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dew – роса |
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
21.12 – 20.01 |
|
|
Puddle, pool – лужа |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Swimming-pool – бассейн
Lake – озеро
168 |
169 |
Pond – пруд |
|
|
|
Glade – поляна |
|
|
|
Swamp / bog – болото |
|
|
|
Lawn – лужайка |
|
|
|
Water-fall – водопад |
|
|
|
To stretch / to extend – простираться |
|||
Watering-place – водопой |
|
|
|
Hill – холм |
|
|
|
Water-tower – водокачка |
|
|
|
Barrow, tumulus - курган |
|
|
|
Reservoir – водоем |
|
|
|
Mountain – гора |
|
|
|
Whirlpool / mealstream – водоворот |
|
|
Rock – утес |
|
|
||
River – речка |
bank - берег реки |
|
|
Cliff – отвесная скала |
|
|
|
Bay – бухта, залив |
|
|
Peak – остроконечная вершина |
||||
shore – берег моря |
|
|
|||||
Delta – дельта |
|
|
Top – вершина |
|
|
||
Estuary / mouth– устье |
|
|
|
Gorge / ravine / canyon – ущелье |
|||
Sea – море |
|
|
|
Path – тропа |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
Lighthouse – маяк |
|
|
|
Cave/ cavern – пещера |
|
low land - низменность |
|
|
Seashore / seaside / sea-coast –побережье моря |
|
|
Grotto – грот |
|
highland – возвышенность |
|
|
Beach – пляж |
|
|
Vault – подземелье |
|
|
|
|
Wave – волна |
|
|
To climb – подниматься |
|
|
|
|
Foam – пена |
|
|
To come down – спускаться |
|
|
|
|
Waterplant / seaweed – водоросль |
|
|
|
|
active – активный |
|
|
Surf – прибой |
|
|
|
|
||
|
Ocean – океан |
|
|
Volcano – вулкан |
|||
The Arctic Ocean – Северно-Ледовитый океан |
|
|
|
|
extinct – потухший |
||
|
The Indian Ocean – Индийский океан |
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The Pacific Ocean – Тихий океан |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
The Atlantic Ocean – Атлантический океан |
Природные катаклизмы. Natural disasters. |
|||||
|
Peninsula – полуостров |
|
|
Eruption – извержение |
Waterspout – смерч на море |
||
|
Island – остров |
|
|
Earthquake – землетрясение |
Tornado – торнадо |
||
|
|
|
|
Landslip, landslide – оползень |
Typhoon – тайфун |
||
|
|
|
|
Hurricane – ураган |
Drought – засуха |
||
|
Landscape. Пейзаж. |
|
|
Tsunami – цунами |
Fire – пожар |
||
|
|
|
|
Flood – наводнение |
|
|
|
Sky – небо |
|
|
|
Whirlwind – смерч |
|
|
|
Land – земля |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Skyline – линия горизонта |
|
|
|
3.1.2. Фауна. Fauna. |
|||
Soil – почва |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Stone – камень |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pebbles – галька |
|
|
|
|
|
Животные. Animals. |
|
|
Desert – пустыня |
|
|
Домашние животные. Domestic animals. |
|||
|
Plain – равнина |
|
|
||||
|
Steppe – степь |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Field – поле |
|
|
sheep – овца |
|
|
|
|
Valley - долина |
|
|
ewe – овцематка |
|
|
|
|
Meadow – луг |
|
|
lamb – ягненок |
|
|
|
|
Underwood – пролесок |
|
|
musk-ox – овцебык |
rabbit - кролик |
||
|
Grove – роща |
|
|
rat - баран |
|||
|
Forest / wood – лес |
|
|
to yean - ягниться, котиться |
doe-rabbit - крольчиха |
||
Jungle - джунгли
as meek as a lamb - кроткий как ягненок
170 |
171 |
horn – рог
udder – вымя teat – сосок to milk – доить
cow – корова bull - бык calf – теленок
bull calf – бычок to bellow – мычать to calve - телиться
hoof – копыто
mane - грива
ox - вол
to butt – бодаться
kid – козленок
goat, she-goat, nanny-goat – коза he-goat, billy goat – козел
donkey, ass - осел
• mulish obstinacy - ослиное упрямство
Самые большие животные. The biggest animals.
mammoth - мамонт
dinosaur - динозавр
trunk – хобот
tusk - бивень
elephant - слон elephant calf - слоненок
horse - лошадь foal - жеребенок
to mount a horse - садиться на лошадь to harness a horse - закладывать лошадь
herdsman, cowboy - пастух to pasture, to graze - пасти
snout - пятачок |
Дикие животные. Wild animals. |
|
|
||
pig - свинья |
0 |
|
koala - коала |
||
hog - боров |
|
|
sucking-pig, piglet - поросенок |
giraffe - жираф |
|
to farrow - опороситься |
||
|
Собаки. Dogs.
watch dog, mongrel - дворовая собака, дворняжка gun dog - охотничья собака
paw - лапа hound - гончая
sleuth-hound, blood-hound, police dog - ищейка guard/patrol dog - служебный пес
alsatian – немецкая овчарка sheep-dog - овчарка bulldog - бульдог dachshund - такса husky - лайка
pekinese - китайский мопс collie - колли pug-dog – мопс
172
rhinoceros - носорог
camel - верблюд
hippopotamus - бегемот
tapir - тапир
kangaroo - кенгуру |
hyena - гиена |
173
grizzly bear – бурый Polar bear - белый медведь медведь
Кошки. Cats.
cat - кошка kitten - котенок to mew – мяукать
Дикие кошки. Wild cats.
lion - лев lioness - львица
lion-like - храбрый как лев
tiger - тигр tigress - тигрица
tiglon - помесь тигра со львом
leopard - леопард |
puma - пума |
|
snow leopard - снежный барс |
|
ounce - ирбис |
|
cub - детеныш зверя |
cheetah - гепард |
|
Парнокопытные. Artiodactyls.
tine - рога
den, lair - берлога
deer - олень |
roe - косуля |
lama - лама |
doe - самка оленя |
fallow-deer - лань |
|
gazelle - газель
antelope - антилопа
zebra - зебра
kleenebok - карликовая анти
0
jaguar - ягуар |
elk - лось |
gnu - гну |
okapi - окапи
bufallo - буйвол
mountain goat, ibex - козерог
panther - пантера |
Обезьяна. Ape, Monkey. |
lynx - рысь |
baboon - павиан |
gibbon - гиббон |
|
|
chimpanzee - шимпанзе |
174 |
175 |
mouse - мышь
bat - летучая мышь racoon - енот rat - крыса
beaver - бобер
gorilla - горилла |
orangutan - орангутанг |
rhesus monkey - макака |
to make/pull faces - гримасничать
|
|
marmot - сурок |
|
Лесные животные. Forest animals. |
musk rat, musquash - ондатра |
badger - барсук |
|
|
|||
|
|
Полярные животные. Polar animals. |
|
fox - лиса |
wild boar - кабан |
|
|
wolf - волк |
wild sow - кабаниха |
|
|
|
walrus - морж |
seal - тюлень |
penguin - пингвин |
|
0 |
Рептилии. Reptiles. |
|
|
|
|
|
bison - бизон |
hare - заяц |
|
|
squirrel - белка |
salamander - саламандра |
alligator - аллигатор |
crocodile - крокодил |
sable - соболь |
|
||
marten - куница |
|
|
|
weasel - ласка |
|
chameleon - хамелеон |
|
mongoose - мангуст |
|
||
|
|
|
|
mole - крот |
monitor lizard - варан |
|
testa, shell - панцырь |
|
|
||
|
duckbill - утконос |
|
|
hedgehog - еж |
|
triton - тритон |
tortoise - черепаха |
|
|
||
lizard - ящерица
porcupine - дикообраз
echidne - ехидна
turtle - морская черепаха
