Английский в алгоритмах.Фомина
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2.9.8 |
Вопросы. Questions. |
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Task |
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No one knows who … by the Golden Duke next year. |
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Variants |
(to be) |
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Любой глагол |
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a) has been awarded |
b) would be awarded |
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V+to be+S…? |
Do (Does) |
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с) will be awarded |
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d) is awarded |
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Am/Is/Are |
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Did |
+S |
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No one knew who … by the Golden Duke the following year. |
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Was/Were |
+S |
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Shall/Will |
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a) had been awarded |
b) would be awarded |
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General |
Shall/Will |
+ be |
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c) will be awarded |
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d) is awarded |
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Question |
Are you here? – Ты здесь? |
Do you now? – Ты знаешь? |
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(общий вопрос) |
Did you live in Kiev? – Ты жил в |
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This product … on television. |
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Were you there? – Ты был там? |
Киеве? |
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a) advertised |
b) advertising |
с) is advertising |
d) is advertised |
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Will she be at home? – Ты будешь |
Will you dance? – Будите ли вы |
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дома? |
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танцевать? |
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That palace … by an Italian architect five years ago. |
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Where? (где?, куда?) |
About whom? / |
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a) is built |
b) was built |
с) had built |
d) has been built |
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What? +сущ.(какой? … ) |
Who…about? (о ком?) |
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The best project about the environment … by the end of the next month. |
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When? (когда?) |
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Which? (какой?,который?) |
For whom? / Who…for? |
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a) be chosen |
b) will have been chosen c) will choose |
d) chose |
Special |
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Whom? (кого?) |
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(для кого?) |
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On the 11th оf September 2001, the World Trade Center … by terrorists. |
Question |
Why? (почему?) |
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a) attacked |
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b) had been attacked |
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(специальный |
Why for? (зачем?) |
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With whom? /Who…with? |
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c) has been attacked |
d) was attacked. |
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вопрос) |
How? (как?) |
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(с кем?) |
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How many (much)? (сколько?) |
Whose? (чей?,чья?) |
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An invitation … last week. |
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How long? (как долго?) |
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a) am sent |
b) was sent |
c) has sent |
d) have been sent |
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am/is/are |
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do (does) |
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This garage … painted recently. |
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was/were |
+S |
did |
+S+ V1 |
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shall/will |
+ be |
shall/will |
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a) is being |
b) had done |
c) will be |
d) has been |
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What book does he read? – Какую |
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Where is she? – Где она? |
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Penicillin … by Fleming. |
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книгу он читает? |
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b) was discovered |
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Why were you late? – Почему ты |
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a) discovered |
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опоздал? |
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Where did she live? – Где она |
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c) will be discovered |
d) would be discovered |
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жила? |
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Why will you be there? – Почему |
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Why will you write? – Почему ты |
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English … all over the world. |
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ты будешь там? |
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напишешь? |
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a) spoke |
b) speaking |
c) has been spoken d) is spoken |
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am/is/are |
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Do (Does) |
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was/were +S |
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or not |
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His aunt … to hospital a few days ago. |
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Did |
+S+ V1 or V1 |
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a) has been taken |
b) is taken |
c)was taken |
d) will be taken |
Alternative |
shall/will |
+ be |
Shall/will |
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Do you sing or dance? – Ты поешь |
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This hotel … by a famous designer next year. |
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Question |
Are you clever or not? – Ты умный |
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(альтернативный |
или нет? |
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или танцуешь? |
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a) is being redecorated |
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b) has been redecorated |
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вопрос) |
Was he at home or not? – Он был |
Did he write or read? – Ты писал |
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c) is redecorating |
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d) will be redecorated |
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дома или нет? |
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или читал? |
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Will she be at work or not? – Она |
Will you come in or come out? |
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будет на работе или нет? |
– Ты зайдешь или выйдешь? |
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120 |
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121 |
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Who + is/was/will be…? |
Who + Vt…? |
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– “There are a lot of flowers in the garden, …………?” |
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– |
“I am happy, …………?” |
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Who-question |
Who is here? – Кто здесь? |
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Who goes to school? – Кто идет |
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– They used to meet Jane, …………? |
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(вопрос к |
Who was the best? – Кто был |
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в школу? |
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We walked with our friends in the park yesterday. |
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подлежащему) |
лучший? |
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Who worked? – Кто работал? |
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Who will be at home? – Кто будет |
Who will dance? – Кто будет |
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Where ………… ? |
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дома? |
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танцевать? |
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When ………… ? |
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– |
Did ………… ? |
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Настоящее время: |
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S+am, aren’t I? |
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– |
Who …………? |
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S+is, isn’t+S? |
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S + Vt, don’t/doesn,t+S? |
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Who ………… with? |
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“+”, |
She works, doesn’t she? |
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S+are, aren’t+S? |
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The girls were talking on the phone for two hours. |
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S+was, wasn’t+S? |
“–” |
– Она работает, не так ли? |
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– |
Who …………? |
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Disjunction |
S+were, weren’t+S? |
Прошедшее время: |
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S+will be, won’t+S? |
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– |
What …………? |
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Question |
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S + V2, didn’t+S? |
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– |
How long…………? |
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(разделительный |
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She worked, didn’t she? – Она |
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Were ………… ? |
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вопрос) |
S+isn’t, is+S? |
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работала, не так ли? |
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– Were ………… or not? |
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Tag |
S+aren’t, are+S? |
“–”, |
Будущее время: |
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She is 20. How …………? |
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Question |
S+wasn’t, was+S? |
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“+” |
S + will V, won’t +S ? |
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She is a student. What …………? |
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S+weren’t,were+S? |
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He will dance, won’t he? – Он |
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She is a nice girl. What …………? |
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S+won’t be, will+S? |
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будет танцевать,не так ли? |
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She is Jane. Who …………? |
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HO: |
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HO: |
0 |
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2.9.9 Неправильные глаголы. Irregular |
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Everybody is here, aren’t they? |
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Don’t sleep, will you? |
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Let’s sing, shall we? |
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Verbs. |
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“Let me/him” etc “will |
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“I am” |
“aren’t I” |
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you/won’t you?” |
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Достичь желаемого |
Винни-Пуху |
мешали |
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“Don’t” (Commands) “will |
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неправильные пчелы. Чтобы овладеть английским |
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“I used to” “didn't I?” |
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you?” |
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нам необходимо справиться с неправильными |
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“Let’s” |
“shall we?” |
“I have” (=possess) “haven’t I?” |
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глаголами. |
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“There is/are” “isn’t/aren’t |
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there?” |
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Неправильные глаголы – это глаголы- |
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“This/That is” “isn’t it?” |
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исключения, которые образуют ІІ (Past Simple) и |
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ІІІ (Past Participle) формы не по правилу (т.е. путем |
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прибавления суффикса “-ed”), а имеют застывшие |
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неизменяемые формы. |
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Task |
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Обратимся |
к |
таблице |
наиболее |
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употребительных неправильных глаголов. |
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Repeat “The Questions”:
–“Let’s go for a walk, …………?”
–“Everybody is in, …………?”
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Наиболее употребительные неправильные глаголы
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124 |
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Чтобы запомнить неправильные глаголы А.А.Пыльцын предлагает их зарифмовать*.
Предлагаем вашему вниманию несколько его стихотворений.
Все газеты
lit – lit – lit,
[lit – lit – lit]
Бутерброд
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Собачонку |
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Я в буфете |
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hit – hit – hit, |
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[hit – hit – hit] |
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buy – bought – bought |
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Он соседу |
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[b i – b :t – b :t] |
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Первоклассный бутерброд, |
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ring – rang – rung, |
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[ri – r – r ] |
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За него я |
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pay – paid – paid, |
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И, конечно, |
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[pei – |
peid – |
peid] |
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В классе в парту |
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run – ran – run, |
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lay – laid – laid, |
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[r n – r n– |
r n] |
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[lei – |
leid – |
leid] |
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И совсем не |
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И совсем не |
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think – thought – thought |
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think – thought – thought |
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[ i k – |
:t – :t] |
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[ i k – :t – :t] |
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Что милиция придет. |
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Что сосед его умнет. |
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Клад
Баламут
Малолетка баламут Нож в кармашек
put – put – put,
[put – put – put]
Иbegin – began – begun
[bi‘ in – bi‘ n – bi‘ n]
Хулиганить хулиган.
Он подушку
cut – cut – cut,
[k t – k t – k t]
Брата в ванной
shut – shut – shut,
[ t – t – t]
Клад искал один чудак, Целый месяц
dig – dug – dug,
[di – d – d ]
Find – found – found
[f ind – ‘faund – ‘faund]
наконец
Металлический ларец.
И конечно
think – thought – thought
[ i k – :t – :t]
Что богато заживет.
Take – took – taken
[teik – tu:k – ‘teikn]
он топор
И сорвал с него запор.
*См.: Пыльцин А.А. Английский в семейном кругу. Х.: Прапор, 1994, с. 9-31. Иллюстрации к книге А.А. Пыльцина сделаны М.К. Курдюмовым.
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Хозяйка |
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Перед тем, как открывать, |
Пол Наташа |
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Go – went – gone |
sweep – swept – swept, |
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[gou – went – g n] |
[swi:p – |
swept – swept] |
домой поспать, |
Дом в порядке |
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keep – kept – kept, |
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[ki:p – |
kept – kept] |
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И всю ночь во сне чудак |
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Потому что |
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Drive – drove – driven |
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[dr iv – drouv – ‘drivn] |
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know – knew – known, |
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«кадиллак», |
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[nou – |
nju: – |
noun] |
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Что когда-то |
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grow – grew – grown, |
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Eat – ate – eaten |
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[grou– |
gru: – |
groun] |
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[i:t – et – ‘i:tn] |
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И, конечно, |
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ананасы |
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dream – dreamt – dreamt |
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И копченые колбасы, |
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[dri:m – dremt – dremt] |
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Fly – flew – flown |
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Выйти замуж без проблем |
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Для запоминания |
неправильных глаголов |
П.О.Бех предлагает |
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[fl i – flu: – floun] |
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классификацию всех неправильных глаголов по способу образования второй |
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в облаках, |
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и третьей формы*. |
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Hold – held – held |
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I группа. Совпадение II и III форм |
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[hold – held – held] |
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1. |
lay [ei] |
laid [ei] |
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laid [ei] |
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класть, накрывать |
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свой клад в руках, |
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2. |
pay [ei] |
paid [ei] |
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paid [ei] |
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платить, |
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3. |
say [ei] |
said [e] |
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said [e] |
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говорить, сказать |
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Spend – spent – spent |
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4. |
sell [e] |
sold [ou] |
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sold [ou] |
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продавать, торговать |
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5. |
tell [e] |
told [ou] |
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told [ou] |
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рассказывать, говорить, |
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[spend – spent – spent] |
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сказать |
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на ветер деньги, |
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6. |
retell [e] |
retold [ou] |
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retold [ou] |
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пересказывать |
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Build – built – built |
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7. |
hear [i ] |
heard [ ] |
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heard [ ] |
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слышать, слушать, |
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[bild – bilt – |
bilt] |
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себе фазенды, |
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выслушивать |
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8. |
overhear [i ] |
overheard [ ] |
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overheard [ ] |
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подслушивать |
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Но |
awake – awoke – awoken, |
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9. |
make [ei] |
made [ei] |
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made [ei] |
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делать, изготовлять |
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[ ‘weik – |
‘wouk – ‘wokn] |
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10. |
have [ ] |
had [ ] |
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had [ ] |
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иметь |
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Он ни слова |
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11. |
build [i] |
built [i] |
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built [i] |
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строить, сооружать |
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speak – spoke – spoken |
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12. |
rebuild [i] |
rebuilt [i] |
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rebuilt [i] |
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перестраивать |
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[spi:k – |
spouk – ‘spoukn] |
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13. |
shine [ai] |
shone [ou] |
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shone [ou] |
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светить(ся), сиять, |
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Run – ran – run |
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блистеть |
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[r n – r n– r n] |
во весь опор, |
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14. |
bend [e] |
bent [e] |
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bent [e] |
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сгибать(ся), гнуть(ся) |
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bended |
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15. |
lend [e] |
lent [e] |
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lent [e] |
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одалживать |
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Find – found – found |
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16. |
send [e] |
sent [e] |
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sent [e] |
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посылать |
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17. |
spend [e] |
spent [e] |
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spent [e] |
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тратить, проводить время |
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[f ind – ‘faund – |
‘faund] |
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18. |
burn [ :] |
burnt [ :] |
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burnt [ :] |
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жечь, поджигать |
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лишь топор. |
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128 |
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*См.: П.О. Бех Англійська мова: Навч. посібник, 2-ге вид. –К.: Либідь, 1993, с. 189-194 |
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129 |
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56. |
spin [i] |
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spun [ ] |
spun [ ] |
прячь, плести |
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57. |
swing [i] |
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swung [ ] |
swung [ ] |
колебаться, качаться |
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19. |
sunburn [ :] |
sunburnt [ :] |
sunburnt [ :] |
загорать |
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58. |
stick [i] |
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stuck [ ] |
stuck [ ] |
держаться, |
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20. |
learn [ :] |
learnt [ :] |
learnt [ :] |
учить, изучать |
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придерживаться |
21. |
spoil [oi] |
spoilt [oi] |
spoilt [oi] |
портить(ся) |
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59. |
sting [i] |
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stung [ ] |
stung [ ] |
жалить |
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22. |
spill [i] |
spilt [i] |
spilt [i] |
разливать(ся), |
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60. |
string [i] |
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strung [ ] |
strung [ ] |
завязывать, натягивать |
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рассыпать(ся) |
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61. |
win [i] |
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won [ ] |
won [ ] |
выигрывать, побеждать |
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23. |
spell [e] |
spelt [e] |
spelt [e] |
читать (писать, |
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произносить) слово по |
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62. |
hold [ou] |
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held [e] |
held [e] |
держать |
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буквам |
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63. |
bleed [i:] |
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bled [e] |
bled [e] |
кровоточить, проливать |
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24. |
misspell [e] |
misspelt [e] |
misspelt [e] |
делать орфографические |
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кровь |
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ошибки |
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64. |
breed [i:] |
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bred [e] |
bred [e] |
продолжать, разводить |
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65. |
lead [i:] |
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led [e] |
led [e] |
лидировать, приводить, |
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25. |
dwell [e] |
dwelt [e] |
dwelt [e] |
жить, проживать |
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руководить |
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26. |
smell [e] |
smelt [e] |
smelt [e] |
ощущать запах, нюхать, |
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пахнуть |
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66. |
feed [i:] |
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fed [e] |
fed [e] |
кормить(ся) |
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67. |
speed [i:] |
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sped [e] |
sped [e] |
торопиться, |
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27. |
feel [i:] |
felt [e] |
felt [e] |
чувствовать, ощущать |
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поторапливать |
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28. |
keep [i:] |
kept [e] |
kept [e] |
держать, сберегать |
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68. |
meet |
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met [e] |
met [e] |
встречать(ся), |
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29. |
weep [i:] |
wept [e] |
wept [e] |
плакать |
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знакомиться |
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30. |
sweep [i:] |
swept [e] |
swept [e] |
подметать, чистить |
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69. |
read [i:] |
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read [e] |
read [e] |
читать |
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31. |
leap [i:] |
leapt [e] |
leapt [e] |
прыгать |
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70. |
stand [ ] |
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stood [u] |
stood [u] |
стоять |
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32. |
sleep [i:] |
slept [e] |
slept [e] |
спать |
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71. |
understand [ ] |
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understood [u] |
understood [u] |
понимать |
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33. |
deal [i:] |
dealt [e] |
dealt [e] |
иметь дело, заниматься |
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72. |
misunderstand [ ] |
misunderstood [u] |
misunderstood [u] |
неправильно понимать |
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34. |
kneel [i:] |
knelt [e] |
knelt [e] |
стоять на коленях, ставить |
0 |
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на колени |
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73. |
get [e] |
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got [ ] |
got [ ] |
получать, доставать, |
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добираться |
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35. |
dream [i:] |
dreamt [e] |
dreamt [e] |
видеть сон, мечтать, |
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представлять |
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74. |
sit [i] |
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sat [ ] |
sat [ ] |
сидеть |
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36. |
mean [i:] |
meant [e] |
meant [e] |
значить |
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II группа. Смена гласных в II и III формах |
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37. |
lean [i:] |
leant [e] |
leant [e] |
наклоняться |
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38. |
leave [i:] |
left [e] |
left [e] |
пойти, поехать, уехать |
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1. |
begin [i] |
began [ ] |
begun [ ] |
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начинать(ся) |
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39. |
lose [u:] |
lost [ ] |
lost [ ] |
терять, проигрывать |
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2. |
drink [i] |
drank [ ] |
drunk [ ] |
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пить |
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40. |
shoot [u:] |
shot [ ] |
shot [ ] |
стрелять, убивать |
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3. |
ring [i] |
rang [ ] |
rung [ ] |
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звенеть, звонить |
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41. |
catch [ ] |
caught [ :] |
caught [ :] |
ловить |
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4. |
sing [i] |
sang [ ] |
sung [ ] |
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петь |
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42. |
teach [i:] |
taught [ :] |
taught [ :] |
учить, обучать |
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5. |
sink [i] |
sank [ ] |
sunk [ ] |
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тонуть |
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43. |
bring [i] |
brought [ :] |
brought [ :] |
приносить, приводить |
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6. |
spring [i] |
sprang [ ] |
sprung [ ] |
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прыгать |
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44. |
buy [ai] |
bought [ :] |
bought [ :] |
покупать |
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7. |
swim [i] |
swam [ ] |
swum [ ] |
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плавать, плыть |
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45. |
fight [ai] |
fought [ :] |
fought [ :] |
биться, |
бороться |
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46. |
seek [i:] |
sought [ :] |
sought [ :] |
искать, |
разыскивать |
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III группа. Совпадение I и III форм. |
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47. |
think [i] |
thought [ :] |
thought [ :] |
думать, обдумывать |
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48. |
bind [ai] |
bound [au] |
bound [au] |
связывать |
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1. |
become [ ] |
became [ei] |
become [ ] |
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становиться, делаться |
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49. |
find [ai] |
found [au] |
found [au] |
находить, |
обнаружить |
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2. |
come [ ] |
came [ei] |
come [ ] |
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приходить, приезжать |
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50. |
wind [ai] |
wound [au] |
wound [au] |
заводить (часы), крутиться |
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3. |
overcome [ ] |
overcame [ei] |
overcome [ ] |
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побеждать, одолевать |
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51. |
light [ai] |
lit [i] |
lit [i] |
зажигать, |
прикуривать |
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4. |
run [ ] |
ran [ ] |
run [ ] |
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бежать, управлять, |
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52. |
slide [ai] |
slid [i] |
slid [i] |
скользить, поскользнуться |
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руководить |
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53. |
hang [ ] |
hung [ ] |
hung [ ] |
вешать, висеть |
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5. |
awake [ei] |
awoke [ou] |
awake(n) [ei] |
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просыпаться, будить |
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54. |
strike [ai] |
struck [ ] |
struck [ ] |
бить, бастовать |
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55. |
dig [i] |
dug [ ] |
dug [ ] |
копать, |
рыть |
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130 |
131 |
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IV группа. III форма образуется добавлением “n” к I форме |
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8. |
forget [e] |
forgot [ ] |
forgotten [ ] |
забывать |
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9. |
lie [ai] |
lay [ei] |
lain [ei] |
лежать |
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10. |
bite [ai] |
bit [i] |
bitten [i] |
кусать(ся) |
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1. |
blow [ou] |
blew [u] |
blown [ou] |
дуть |
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11. |
hide [ai] |
hid [i] |
hidden [i] |
прятать(ся) |
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2. |
grow [ou] |
grew [u] |
grown [ou] |
расти, увеличиваться |
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12. |
beat [i:] |
beat [i] |
beaten [i] |
бить |
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3. |
throw [ou] |
threw [u] |
thrown [ou] |
кидать |
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13. |
eat [i:] |
ate [e] |
eaten [e] |
есть |
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4. |
know [ou] |
knew [ju:] |
known [ou] |
знать |
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14. |
fall [ :] |
fell [e] |
fallen [e] |
падать, опускаться |
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5. |
show [ou] |
showed [ou] |
shown [ou] |
показывать, |
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демонстрировать |
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VII группа. III форма образуется путем добавлением “en” к I форме; II |
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6. |
draw [ :] |
drew [u:] |
drawn [ :] |
тянуть, чертить |
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форма путем изменения гласной или от другого слова. |
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7. |
withdraw [ :] |
withdrew [u:] |
withdrawn [ou] |
отзывать, выводить |
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1. |
do [u] |
did [i] |
done [ ] |
делать, выполнять |
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8. |
fly [ai] |
flew [u] |
flown [ou] |
летать |
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2. |
undo [u] |
undid [i] |
undone [ ] |
развязывать, разгибать |
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9. |
see [i:] |
saw [ :] |
seen [i:] |
видеть, смотреть |
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3. |
go [ou] |
went [e] |
gone [ ] |
идти, ехать, ездить |
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10. |
foresee [i:] |
foresaw [ :] |
foreseen [i:] |
предвидеть |
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4. |
undergo [ou] |
underwent [e] |
undergone [ ] |
претерпеть |
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11. |
give [i] |
gave [ai] |
given [i] |
давать, отдавать |
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12. |
forbid [i] |
forbade [ai] |
forbidden [ ] |
прощать |
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VIII группа. II форма образуется при помощи окончания “ed” или от |
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13. |
forgive [i] |
forgave [ei] |
forgiven [i] |
прощать |
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другого слова; а III форма – путем добавлением “en” к I форме. |
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14. |
shake [ei] |
shook [u] |
shaken [ei] |
трусить, струшивать, |
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трястись |
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1. |
prove [u] |
proved [u] |
proved [u] |
доказывать |
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15. |
take [ei] |
took [u] |
taken [ei] |
брать, взять |
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2. |
sow [ou] |
sowed [ou] |
sowed [ou] |
сеять, засеивать |
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16. |
partake [ei] |
partook |
partaken [ei] |
принимать участие |
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3. |
be [i:] |
was [ :], were [ ] |
been [i:] |
быть |
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17. |
undertake [ei] |
undertook [u] |
undertaken [ei] |
начинать, браться |
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18. |
drive [ai] |
drove [ou] |
driven [i] |
водить, вести, править |
0 |
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|
IX группа. Совпадение всех трех форм |
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19. |
strive [ai] |
strove [ou] |
striven [i] |
стараться, пытаться |
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20. |
rise [ai] |
rose [ou] |
risen [i] |
восходить, вставать, |
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1. |
bet [e] |
bet [e] |
bet [e] |
биться об заклад |
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увеличиваться |
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2. |
let [e] |
let [e] |
let [e] |
пускать, выпускать, |
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21. |
ride [ai] |
rode [ou] |
ridden [i] |
ехать верхом, ехать |
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позволять |
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3. |
set [e] |
set [e] |
set [e] |
ставить, класть, размещать |
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22. |
stride [ai] |
strode [ou] |
stridden [i] |
идти широко шагая |
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4. |
upset [e] |
upset [e] |
upset [e] |
расстраивать |
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23. |
write [ai] |
wrote [ou] |
written [i] |
писать |
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24. |
rewrite [ai] |
rewrote [ou] |
rewritten [i] |
переписывать |
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5. |
shed [e] |
shed [e] |
shed [e] |
проливать (кровь, слезы) |
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6. |
spread [e] |
spread [e] |
spread [e] |
распространять(ся), |
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тянуться |
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7. |
cut [ ] |
cut [ ] |
cut [ ] |
резать, разрезать |
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1. |
bear [ ] |
bore [ :] |
born [ :] |
носить, переносить, рожать |
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8. |
shut [ ] |
shut [ ] |
shut [ ] |
закрывать(ся) |
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2. |
tear [ ] |
tore [ :] |
torn [ :] |
рвать(ся), отрывать(ся) |
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9. |
hit [i] |
hit [i] |
hit [i] |
ударять |
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3. |
wear [ ] |
wore [ :] |
worn [ :] |
носить (одежду) |
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10. |
knit [i] |
knit [i] |
knit [i] |
связывать, соединять |
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11. |
burst [ :] |
burst [ :] |
burst [ :] |
разразиться, взорваться |
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12. |
rid [i] |
rid [i] |
rid [i] |
освобождать, лишить (чего- |
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то) |
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1. |
arise [ai] |
arose [u] |
arisen [i] |
появляться |
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13. |
hurt [ :] |
hurt [ :] |
hurt [ :] |
причинить боль, поранить, |
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2. |
break [ei] |
broke [ou] |
broken [ou] |
ломать(ся), разбивать(ся) |
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навредить |
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14. |
split [i] |
split [i] |
split [i] |
расколоть(ся), |
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3. |
wake [ei] |
woke [ou] |
woken [ou] |
просыпаться, будить |
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4. |
speak [i:] |
spoke [ou] |
spoken [ou] |
говорить, разговаривать |
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расщеплять(ся) |
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15. |
cost [ ] |
cost [ ] |
cost [ ] |
стоить |
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5. |
freeze [i:] |
froze [ou] |
frozen [ou] |
морозить, замораживать |
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16. |
put [u] |
put [u] |
put [u] |
(по)ложить, (по)ставить |
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6. |
steel [i:] |
stole [ou] |
stolen [ou] |
красть |
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17. |
cast [a:] |
cast [a:] |
cast [a:] |
кидать |
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7. |
choose [u:] |
chose [ou] |
chosen [ou] |
выбирать |
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132 |
133 |
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18. |
broadcast [a:] |
broadcast [a:] |
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broadcast [a:] |
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передавать по радио |
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Значения |
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19. |
forecast [a:] |
forecast [a:] |
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forecast [a:] |
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предвидеть |
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Всего 155 неправильных глаголов. |
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CAN |
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to be able to |
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Желаем успеха! |
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Физическая или |
I can swim. – Я умею плавать. |
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умственная |
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способность |
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Разрешение |
You can go now. – Можете идти. |
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Can I take the book? – Можно взять эту книгу? |
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Запрет |
You can’t play football in the street. – На улице нельзя игратьв |
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футбол. |
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Просьба |
Can I have an apple? – Дайте, пожалуйста, яблоко. |
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Сомнение, |
It can’t be true. – Не может быть, чтобы это была правда. |
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2.9.10 |
Модальные глаголы. Modal Verbs |
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удивление |
Can he have gone? – Неужели он ушел. |
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MAY |
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to be allowed to |
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выражает |
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present |
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past |
future |
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MAY |
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CAN |
физическую или |
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can |
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could |
shall/will be |
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умственную |
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able to |
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Разрешение, |
You may go. – Можешь идти. |
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to be able |
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способность |
am/is/are able to |
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was/were able to |
сможет, |
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просьба |
May I help you? – Разрешите вам помочь? |
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to |
совершения |
могу, умею |
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мог, умел |
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You may not come here. – Не смей сюда приходить. |
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действия |
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сумеет |
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Запрещение |
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Предположение, |
They may be arriving. – Может быть, они подъезжают. |
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may |
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might |
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MAY |
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am/is/are |
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shall/will be |
0 |
неуверенность |
They may not have arrived. – Возможно, они не приехали. |
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to be |
разрешение, |
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allowed to |
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was/were |
allowed to |
MIGHT |
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просьбу |
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allowed to |
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allowed to |
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можете, |
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разрешат |
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В соответствии с |
She said that he might take her book. – Она сказала, что он |
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разрешили |
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можно |
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правилом |
может взять ее книгу. |
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долженствование, |
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must |
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had to |
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согласования времен |
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MUST |
необходимость |
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–––– |
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However hard he might try, he will never be at the head of the |
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совершения |
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должен |
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должен был |
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В сложноподчи- |
class. – Как бы он не старался, он никогда не будет первым |
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действия |
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ненном предложе- |
учеником. |
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необходимость |
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have to |
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shall/will |
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нии |
I gave him my exercises so that he might correct them. – Я дал |
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TO HAVE |
совершения |
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had to |
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TO |
действия в |
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has to |
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должен был |
have to |
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ему свои упражнения, чтобы он их проверил |
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зависимости от |
приходится |
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придется |
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Упрек |
You might help me. – Ты мог бы мне помочь. |
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обстоятельств |
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MUST |
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необходимость |
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am to |
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совершения |
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was to |
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действия заранее |
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is to |
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TO BE TO |
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were to |
–––– |
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Долженствование, |
I must go. – Мне надо идти. |
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запланированного |
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are to |
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необходимость |
Must I go? –Я должен идти? |
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или по |
должен, обязан |
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должен был |
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Запрещение |
You mustn’t do it. – Не смей (Нельзя) это делать. |
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договоренности |
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OUGHT |
моральный долг |
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ought to |
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–––– |
–––– |
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Вероятность |
He must have read the book. – Он, вероятно, читал эту книгу. |
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TO |
следовало бы |
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HAVE TO |
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should |
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рекомендация к |
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должен, |
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SHOULD |
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–––– |
–––– |
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необходимость |
I have to read this page. – Я должен (мне приходится) читать |
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действию, совет |
следует, |
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рекомендуется |
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совершения действия в |
эту страницу. |
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зависимости от |
He will have to get up early every morning. –Он должен будет |
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выражает |
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would |
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WOULD |
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–––– |
–––– |
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обстоятельств |
(ему придется) вставать рано каждое утро. |
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просьбы,желания |
будьте добры |
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134 |
135 |
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BE TO |
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Употребление модальных глаголов с инфинитивом. |
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необходимость |
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I was to give him this book, but I was busy. –Я должен был |
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He must play. |
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совершения действия, |
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заранее |
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отдать ему эту книгу, но я был занят. |
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S + Vmodal |
active |
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V1 |
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Он должно быть играет. |
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запланированного или |
She is to begin this work tomorrow. – Она должна начать эту |
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работу завтра. |
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по договоренности |
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be Ving |
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He must be playing now. |
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OUGHT TO |
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Он должно быть сейчас играет. |
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passive |
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Моральный долг |
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SHOULD |
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have V3 |
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He must have played. |
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Совет, рекомендация |
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Он должно быть играл (раньше) |
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be V3 |
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have been V3 |
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Моральное |
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You should (ought to) be always polite. – Следует всегда быть |
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have been Ving |
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вежливым. |
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обязательство |
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He must be played. |
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You should not (ought not to) tell lies. – Не следует врать. |
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Должно быть, с ним играют. |
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He must have been playing the whole day. |
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You should (ought to) have helped me. – Тебе следовало мне |
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Порицание |
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Должно быть он играл целый день |
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помочь. |
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He must have been played. |
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прошлого действия |
You shouldn’t (oughtn’t to) have done it. – |
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Должно быть с ним играли. |
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Не следовало тебе это делать. |
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Совет, |
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You should (ought to) see a doctor. – Вам следует показаться |
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You should rest – Тебе следует отдохнуть |
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врачу. |
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рекомендация к |
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You should have rest – Тебе следовало бы отдохнуть |
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You shouldn’t (oughtn’t to) go there. – Тебе не следует туда |
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действию |
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ходить. |
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He should (ought to) be at home now. – Он, должно быть, |
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Просьба, ее стилистические особенности: |
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Предположение |
сейчас дома. |
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There should (ought to) be no difficulties. – Не должно быть |
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Shall I help you with your homework? |
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less polite |
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никаких трудностей. |
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Can I take your pen? |
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менее вежливая |
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Will you sit down? |
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WOULD |
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Won’t you put your bag? |
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ФОРМА |
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Would you like a cup of coffee? |
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↓ |
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выражает просьбы, |
Would you be so kind to bring me a cup of tea? – Не будете ли |
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Would you like me to post these letters for you? |
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more polite |
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желания |
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вы так добры, принести мне чашечку чая? |
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Could I help you to write an order? |
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более вежливая |
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Наиболее употребительные оттенки значений модальных глоголов |
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Can you change a pound? |
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less polite |
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May I have another cup of tea? |
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менее вежливая |
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Will you wait for a minute? |
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COULD |
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очень вежливая форма просьбы |
Не могли бы вы … |
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Might I talk to the authority of the company? |
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Could you phone me? |
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Would you spell it for me? |
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Возможно |
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ФОРМА |
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MAY |
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вероятность |
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Would you mind waiting for me? |
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It may rain. |
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Could I leave a message? |
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Вряд ли возможно |
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MIGHT |
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маловероятность |
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Could you possibly do me a favour? |
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Hi might phone. |
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↓ |
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Would you kindly let me use your phone? |
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more polite |
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Должно быть… |
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MUST |
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предположение |
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Would you be so kind as to keep me informed? |
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более вежливая |
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He must be at home. |
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136 |
137 |
Task
Repeat “Modal verbs”:
1) These letters haven’t been typed. Have the typists … then immediately. a) type b) to type c)typing d) to typing
2)You … be on time.
3)Our mother is rather tired. She should … now.
She should … yesterday.
She should … tomorrow.
4)Can you swim? – No, I …
5)We … (may)visit him tomorrow.
6)We … go on foot because the car had been away.
7)It … snow.
8)You … help me I failed my exam.
9)They … be at home.
2.9.12 “Каверзные” глаголы. The “Problem” verbs.
to lie – lay – lain |
to lay – laid – laid |
лежать |
накрывать на стол, класть, положить |
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to sit – sat – sat |
to set – set – set |
сидеть |
ставить, поставить, посадить |
to rise – rose – risen |
to raise – raised – raised |
вставать, подниматься, |
подниматься, повышать (жалование), |
восходить (о солнце) (поэт.) |
выращивать |
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to run – ran – run |
to ring – rang – rung (ring up) |
бегать |
звонить по телефону |
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2.9.11 Модальные слова. The Modal words. |
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Употребление Say/Tell |
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SAY |
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TELL |
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0 |
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Say hello |
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Tell a story |
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Модальные слова выражают субъективное отношение говорящего к |
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good morning/ afternoon |
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a joke |
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высказываемой в предложении мысли. |
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nothing |
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a secret |
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К модальным словам относятся такие слова, как: |
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a prayer |
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a lie |
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a few words |
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the truth |
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no more |
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the time |
perhaps, maybe |
может быть |
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for certain/ sure |
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the difference |
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of course |
конечно, |
несомненно |
От автора в прямой и косвенной |
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one from another |
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речи |
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smb. one's name |
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surely |
конечно |
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He said: I’m busy. |
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smb. the way |
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no doubt |
несомненно |
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Он сказал: ”Я занят”. |
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someone’s fortune |
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in fact |
фактически |
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Только в косвенной речи |
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He said that he was busy. |
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(побудительное наклонение). |
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in truth |
по правде сказать |
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Он сказал, что он занят. |
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He told to open the door. |
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а также слова с суффиксом -ly, совпадающие по форме с наречиями: |
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S say (that) SV |
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Он сказал открыть дверь. |
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They say that he is sad. |
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possibly |
возможно |
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Он сказал, что он грустный. |
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probably |
вероятно |
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В устойчивых словосочетаниях. |
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Say to V |
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certainly |
конечно, |
несомненно |
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The boss says to work hard. |
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naturally |
конечно, само собой разумеется |
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Шеф говорит, чтобы работали |
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evidently, obviously |
очевидно |
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усердно. |
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happily |
к счастью и т.п. |
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138 |
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139 |
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