- •Пермский государственный технический университет
- •Учебное пособие
- •Science and technoligy Part a
- •Learn the following words and word-combinations:
- •Science and technoligy
- •Find in the text the English equivalents to the following Russian words and word-combinations:
- •Read the words and expressions and guess what this text is about?
- •A science fiction story
- •Read the text and answer the following questions:
- •What is your opinion about the end of this story? Think over and write down about the fate of the astronauts.
- •Render the contents of the last paragraph into Indirect Speech.
- •The science of chemistry Part a
- •1. Learn the following words and word-combinations:
- •Translate the words without dictionary.
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to the different meanings of the word "matter":
- •Read the text and answer the following questions.
- •The science of chemistry
- •Translate the words in the brackets into English.
- •Ask questions to the words in bold type:
- •Write a plan in form of questions to the text and retell the text according to it.
- •Translate the text into English.
- •Listen to the communication again and say what ideas absent in the first text it contains.
- •Listen to the talk once again if necessary and answer the following questions. Begin your answer with the given opening phrases: opening phrases
- •Using some chemical terms (see below) complete the following sentences in the short text:
- •Read another text on chemistry and choose the most suitable title out of the given ones:
- •Read the text again and say if the following statements are true (t) or false (f):
- •Read the text once again and entitle its paragraphs.
- •Write out a) key words out of each paragraph; b) the sentences expressing the main idea(s) of each paragraph.
- •Retell the text briefly in your own words making use of the key words and the sentences you've written out.
- •Here are two expressions of the role of chemistry. Do you share them? Express your opinion to each one.
- •History of chemistry Part a
- •Do you know the history of chemistry? Answer the following questions:
- •Read the text on alchemy, compare it with your answers and say what information they have in common and what is different. Share your ideas with your fellow students.
- •Read one more text on the history of chemistry and entitle it.
- •The measurements in chemistry Part a
- •Read the following word combinations.
- •Read the following words, mind the stresses.
- •Translate the following sentences into Russian.
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to the meanings of the word "order".
- •Give the Russian equivalents of the following words.
- •Read the text and answer the following questions
- •The measurements in chemistry
- •The Metric System
- •Choose the Russian equivalents from the right column.
- •Open the brackets choosing a suitable word. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •Read and retell the text.
- •A comparison of a few points of the Centigrade and Fahrenheit scales
- •Translate the text and answer the questions that follow. The Balance
- •Read and retell the text.
- •The general apparatus of inorganic laboratory Part a
- •Learn the following words.
- •Nucleus – nuclei
- •Series – series
- •The general apparatus of inorganic laboratory
- •Fill in the blanks.
- •Describe your chemical laboratory.
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to the meanings of the verb “to have”:
- •Find the sentences in which “to be” is a modal verb:
- •Part b.
- •Listen to the talk again and answer the following questions choosing the correct answer out of the given ones:
- •Listen to the talk once again if necessary and give reasoning to the choice of the answers you've just given by expressing your opinion. The list of expressions comes handy:
- •Read the text without dictionary. Laboratory Rules
- •Notes on the Text
- •Answer the following questions.
- •What rules would you add to the given ones.
- •Complete the following sentences using modal verbs:
- •Read the text and describe the process with the help of the picture. Distillation
- •Read the text and tell about obtaining hydrogen using the picture. Kipp's Apparatus Used for Obtaining Hydrogen
- •Read the text and tell with the help of the figure about laboratory method of obtaining oxygen. Laboratory Method of Obtaining Oxygen
- •Russian Scientists Part a
- •Pronounce the following words:
- •Read the following word combinations:
- •Read the text and guess what scientist this text is about. Notes on the Text
- •Use the Passive Voice according to the model:
- •Find the sentences in which the form with the suffix "-ed" is a part of the passive construction:
- •Prereading Discussion
- •Listen to or look through the following text and find the facts you've not mentioned in the discussion:
- •Look through the text again and find the sentences where the author describes the following facts:
- •Read the text thoroughly with a dictionary and answer the following questions choosing the correct answer out of the given ones:
- •Give Russian equivalents to the following words, word combinations and chemical terms from the text:
- •Match the synonyms in ex. 5 and ex. 6:
- •Find in the text all the sentences containing the sequence of tenses. Translate them into Russian.
- •A) Translate the following sentences into Russian:
- •Read the following text attentively and choose the most suitable title out of the given ones:
- •Russian achievements in science Part a
- •Translate the following verbs and adjectives, form nouns from them.
- •Read the following words and word-combinations:
- •Read the text and answer the following questions:
- •Russian achievements in science
- •Choose the Russian equivalent from the right column.
- •Translate into Russian
- •Write a plan to the text and retell the text according to the plan. Express your opinion to the following theses:
- •Pronounce the following words:
- •Read the following word combinations:
- •Use the Passive Voice according to the model:
- •Find the sentences in which the form with the suffix "-ed" is a part of the passive construction:
- •Read the text and guess what scientist this text is about?
- •Using the data, make up a story about a great Russian chemist. N.N. Zinin (1812-1880)
- •N.N. Semyonov (1826-1986)
- •Accordiny to these plans prepare the reports about such Russian chemists as a.M. Butlerov, n.N. Beketov, n.D. Zelinsky, s.V. Lebedev, a.E. Favorsky. Additional Texts
- •Experimental Chemistry (1748-1757)
- •Text II Great English Scientist in physics and analytical chemistry
- •Faraday
- •Чтение химических формул
- •Сокращения, принятые в химической литературе
- •Список химических элементов
- •Rendering the text
- •Список литературы
Text II Great English Scientist in physics and analytical chemistry
Translate the words without a dictionary.
analytical chemistry, electricity, magnetism;
discoveries: electromagnetic rotation, electromagnetic induction, electrochemistry, specific inductive capacity, the Faraday effect, classical field theory, law;
force, electrical current, energy, discharge, circuit; electromagnet ; 'polarity, identity; line of force, research; manifestation; ray, polarization, plane-polarized light; to compare, to enunciate, to generate, to illustrate, to pass.
Faraday
(b. Newington, Surrey, England, 22 September 1791; d. Hampton Court, Middlesex, England, 25 August 1867; chemistry, physics)
1. Early Life and Education. Michael Faraday was born into a poor family, of which he was the third of four children. His father, James, was a blacksmith1 . James Faraday died in 1809. Mickael’s mother, the former Margaret Hastwell, was the mainstay2 of the fanily. She clearly offered3 her younger son that emotional security4 which gave him the strength in later life to reject5 all social and political distinctions6 as irrelevant7 to his own sense of dignity8. She died in 1838.
2. There are no sources for Faraday's early years, so it is impossible to say what effects they had on him; we can only infer them from his adult life. His contemporaries uniformly described him as kind, gentle9, proud, and simple in both manner and attitude. He loved children, although he had none of his own. His formal education was almost nil, consisting of the rudiments10 of reading, writing, and ciphering11. When he was thirteen years old, Faraday helped contribute to the family earnings by delivering newspapers for Mr.G.Riebau. When Faraday turned fourteen, he was apprenticed12 to Riebau to learn the art of bookbinding. It was in the seven years of his apprenticeship that Faraday developed the extraordinary manual dexterity13 that was to distinguish his later experimental researches. The proximity of books stimulated his mind. He became an omnivorous14 reader, absorbing fact and fancy in equal amounts.
3. In April 1815, Faraday threw himself into chemistry with the enthusiasm that marked his whole scientific life. He assiduously searched all the scientific journals available to him, keeping a detailed bibliographical record of everything he read.
4. By 1820 Faraday had established a modest but solid reputation as an analytical chemist.
Beyond his work in analytical and pure chemistry, Faraday showed himself to be a pioneer in the application of chemistry to problems of technology. In 1818, he began a series of experiments on the alloys of steel. Although he was able to produce alloys of superior quality, they were not capable of comercial production because they required the use of such rare metals as platinum, rhodium, and silver.
5. The 1820's were busy years for Faraday beyond his chemical researches. In 1821 he married Sarah Barnard, the sister of one of the friends he had made at the City Philosophical Society. Their marriage was an extremely happy one and sustained Faraday throughout the extraordinary mental exertions of the next forty years.
6. In the 1820’s the precarious15 financial position of the Royal Institution also demanded Faraday's attention. He helped support the Institution by performing chemical analysis, and he contributed to its fiscal stability by instituting the Friday evening discourses16 in 1825. He gave more than a hundred of these lectures before his retirement in 1862. They served to educate the English upper class in science, and part of the growing support for science in Victorian England may legitimately be attributed to the efforts of Faraday and his fellow lecturers to popularize science among those with influence in government and the educational establishment.
1 blacksmith -кузнец
2 mainstay –опора
3 offer -передать
4 security –уверенность
5 reject -отвергать
6 distinction –различие
7 irrelevant -не относящийся к. . .
8 dignity -достоинство
9 gentle -мягкий
10 rudiment -элементарные знания
11 ciphering – счет
12 apprentice -отдавать в учение
13 dexterity -ловкость
14 omnivorous reader – читатель, глотающий книги
15 precarious – непрочный
16 discourse – лекция
Text III
SUPPLEMENT (ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ)
СЛОВА И СЛОВОСОЧЕТАНИЯ,
ЧАСТО ВСТРЕЧАЮЩИЕСЯ В НАУЧНО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЕ
1) AS как; в качестве; так как; по
мере того как; когда as to + существительное что касается as. . .as так же, как as early as уже, еще + дата as far as поскольку; что касается; до
(места)
as a rule как правило as if как будто as well также as well as так же, как as a whole в целом as yet до сих пор
2) FOR prp для, ради; за; в течение;
cj ввиду того, что; так как for the first time впервые for ever навсегда for example например for the rest в остальном for the sake of ради
3) IT он, она, оно (неодушевл.) в усилительном обороте', в безличном предложении, не переводиться. it is necessary необходимо
4) ONE один
в неопределенно-личных предложениях, не переводится; заменяет существительное
5) SINCE prp с; после; cj с тех пор как; так как, поскольку
6) THAT тот, та, то, который заменяет существительное в ед. числе; то что ... (в начале предложения)
7) THOSE те
заменяет существительное во множественном числе
according to согласно, в соответствии
in accordance with в соответствии
on account of из-за, вследствие
to account for объяснять
to take into account учитывать
along вдоль; наряду с
apart на расстоянии; врозь
apart from помимо, независимо
approach подход, метод
aside from помимо, кроме
because потому что, так как
beacuse of из-за
* * *
before до, перед, до этого; перед тем как
beside рядом, около
besides кроме того, помимо
both оба
both . . . and как... так и
to bring about вызывать, быть причиной
but но, кроме, только
but for если бы не
case случай
in case в случае, если
in the case в этом случае
as is the case как обстоит дело
such is the case так обстоит дело
cause причина
to be concerned with касаться, иметь дело
to take into consideration принимать во внимание
data данные
date число
datum данная величина
to deal with рассматривать, изучать, касаться
a great deal of много
despite несмотря
due to благодаря
to be due to обусловливаться
each каждый
either любой
either...or или . . . или even даже; ровный, четный
even though даже если, хотя
except кроме, кроме как
except for за исключением, кроме
except that кроме того, что; за исключением того, что
few мало
a few несколько
force сила;
to force заставлять
the former ... the latter первый... последний
general общий, главный
in general вообще
however однако
instead of вместо
inspite of несмотря
last последний, прошлый
at last наконец
to learn учить; узнавать
at least по крайней мере
like подобно
to be like быть подобным
to be likely вероятно
to be unlikely маловероятно
to be alike быть похожим
little маленький; мало
a little немного
mean v значить, обозначать; а средний
by means of посредством, путем
by no means ни в коем случае
minute мельчайший
much много, гораздо + прилагательное в сравнительной степени
neither ни один из
neither...nor ни...ни
a number of ряд
the number of число
numerous многочисленный
no longer больше не, уже не
once adv однажды, раз; как только
once more еще раз
at once сразу
only только
the only единственный
part часть
in part частично
to take part принимать участие
partially частично
partly частично
particular особый
in particular в особенности
per на, за, в
provided при условии, если
in many respects во многих отношениях
to be responsible for объяснять, являться причиной
to result from проистекать, являться результатом
to result in приводить
for the sake of ради
the same тот же самый
scarcely едва
so так, таким образом; такой; поэтому
so as так чтобы
so that с тем чтобы, так чтобы
so far as поскольку
and so on и так далее
not so...as не такой... как
such такой, такой как
such...as такой...как
such as как например
to take care of заботиться
to take into consideration принять во внимание
to take place (in) иметь место, происходить
to take steps принимать меры
than чем
rather than а не other than кроме, помимо
that is то есть
then тогда, затем
since then с тех пор
until then до того времени
too слишком; также
to turn out оказываться
in turn в свою очередь; по очереди
twice дважды
unless если не
unlike в отличие
от until пока не, до тех пор пока
up to вплоть до
to be of value иметь значение
the very тот самый, как раз тот
in view of ввиду
with a view to с целью way способ, путь, образ to give way уступить место
whatever какой бы ни, чтобы ни
whenever когда бы ни, всякий раз как
whether ли
while пока, в то время как
within внутри, в пределах
without без, (так чтобы) не
worth стоящий
to be worth while стоить
yet однако; еще, до сих пор
as yet до сих пор
not yet еще не