- •Introduction
- •1. Basic approaches to translation and interpretation.
- •2. Translation as intercultural communication.
- •S1 r1 s2 r2 stage 1 stage 3
- •Stage 2
- •Lecture 2
- •1. Translation as a human activity and a mysterious phenomenon.
- •2. Ambiguity problem in translation.
- •Concept
- •Denotatum
- •3. Disambiguation tools.
- •Lecture 3
- •1. Definitions of theory, model and algorithm.
- •2. Language modeling.
- •3. Translation as an object of linguistic modeling.
- •Lecture 4
- •1. The process of translation that creates the product.
- •2. Orientation towards different approaches to investigate the process of translation.
- •3. Requirements for a theory of translation.
- •Lecture 5
- •2. Transformational approach.
- •3. Denotative approach.
- •Transformational Approach
- •Denotative Approach
- •Lecture 6
- •1. Communicational approach. The notion of thesaurus.
- •2. Distributional approach.
- •Lecture 7
- •1. The translator: knowledge and skills.
- •2. Ideal bilingual competence.
- •3. Expertise.
- •4. Communicative competence.
- •Lecture 8
- •1. Stages of the process of translation.
- •2. Editing the source text.
- •3. Interpretation of the source text.
- •4. Interpretation in a new language.
- •5. Formulating the translated text.
- •6. Editing the translated text.
- •Lecture 9
- •3. Instantaneous translation.
- •4. Specific skills required for interpreting “by ear” (at viva voce).
- •Lecture 10
- •1. The level of lexis.
- •2. Sentence level.
- •Lecture 11
- •1. Discourse level.
- •2. The level of variety.
- •3. Elaboration on vocabulary exchange as a method of studying the language of translation.
- •Lecture 12
- •1. Reference theory.
- •2. Componential analysis.
- •3. Meaning postulates.
- •Lecture 13
- •1. Lexical and semantic fields.
- •2. Denotation and connotation.
- •Lecture 14
- •1. Relations of words and sentence to one another.
- •2. Utterance, sentence and proposition.
- •Lecture 15
- •1. Text, context and discourse.
- •2. Levels of contextual abstraction.
- •3. Types of contexts.
- •4. Contextual relationships.
- •Lecture 16
- •1. Cohesion and coherence.
- •Lecture 17
- •1. Formal typologies.
- •3. Text processing (knowledge): syntactic, semantic, pragmatic.
- •Lecture 18
- •1. Interconnection between text production and text reception.
- •2. Problem-solving and text-processing.
- •2. Synthesis: writing. Strategies and tactics.
- •3. Analysis: reading.
- •Робоча навчальна програма дисципліни “теорія перекладу” для напрямків підготовки (спеціальностей): 60305, 7030507.
2. Distributional approach.
The distributional model of translation was developed by G. Miram for machine translation since it rests on such an objective modeling basis as distribution. (Мирам Г. Э. Машинная интерпретация текста. - НТИ, 2.6, 1988.).
Linguistic distribution is an ability of language units (parts of words, words and word combination) to occur in the text together.
Distribution pattern reflects meaning and combinatorial potential of lexical units.
Distribution of lexical units in the text reflects the fragmentation of the real world in human mind.
According to the distributional approach translation is a process of matching the distributional patterns of the source and target language units.
In the distributional approach to translation one should distinguish between regular and occasional distribution pattern.
Regular pattern is characteristic of linguistic units which occur together on regular basis, as members of common distribution paradigmspær daim, the formation of which is determined by grammar rules and the lexico-semantic structure of a language.
The occasional distribution pattern is characteristic of linguistic units which occur together occasionally being members of different paradigms, determined by grammar rules and the lexico-semantic structure of a language.
Distributional approach to translation is the first of the translation treatment discussed that divides the process of translation into different categories (ranks).
It should be born in mind, however, that in any case, observables which one deals with in the process of translation are forms of the two languages as well as the mental content assigned to those forms by the speakers of the language, and that in any translation we observe a combination of different methods.
(See, e. g. -Бархударов Л. С. Язык и перевод - М., 1975;
Латышев Л. К. Курс перевода. - М., 1981;
Латышев Л. К. Текст и перевод. - М., 1989;
Рецкер Я. И. Теория перевода и переводческая практика. - М., 1974;
Ширяев А. Ф. Синхронный перевод. - М., 1979;
Марчук Ю. Н. Методы моделирования перевода. - М., 1985.)
Lecture 7
Translating: Modeling the process.
Main points:
1. The translator: knowledge and skills.
2. Ideal bilingual competence.
3. Expertise.
4. Communicative competence.
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1. The translator: knowledge and skills.
In any sense it is true, that “any old fool can learn a language... but it takes an intelligent person to become a translator (Newmark, 1969, 85). It is important to investigate what this “intelligence” might consist of.
...the professional (technical) translator has access to five distinct kinds of knowledge: target language (TL) knowledge ; text-type knowledge; source language (SL) knowledge; subject area (real-world) knowledge; and contrastive knowledge(Johnson and Whitelock, 1987, 137). Add to this the decoding skills of reading and encoding skills of writing and we have a plausible initial listing of the areas which need to be included in any specification of the translator’s competence. Obligatory is an integration between the linguistic knowledge of the two languages specific and general knowledge of the domain and of the world via comparative and contrastive linguistic knowledge.