- •Introduction
- •1. Basic approaches to translation and interpretation.
- •2. Translation as intercultural communication.
- •S1 r1 s2 r2 stage 1 stage 3
- •Stage 2
- •Lecture 2
- •1. Translation as a human activity and a mysterious phenomenon.
- •2. Ambiguity problem in translation.
- •Concept
- •Denotatum
- •3. Disambiguation tools.
- •Lecture 3
- •1. Definitions of theory, model and algorithm.
- •2. Language modeling.
- •3. Translation as an object of linguistic modeling.
- •Lecture 4
- •1. The process of translation that creates the product.
- •2. Orientation towards different approaches to investigate the process of translation.
- •3. Requirements for a theory of translation.
- •Lecture 5
- •2. Transformational approach.
- •3. Denotative approach.
- •Transformational Approach
- •Denotative Approach
- •Lecture 6
- •1. Communicational approach. The notion of thesaurus.
- •2. Distributional approach.
- •Lecture 7
- •1. The translator: knowledge and skills.
- •2. Ideal bilingual competence.
- •3. Expertise.
- •4. Communicative competence.
- •Lecture 8
- •1. Stages of the process of translation.
- •2. Editing the source text.
- •3. Interpretation of the source text.
- •4. Interpretation in a new language.
- •5. Formulating the translated text.
- •6. Editing the translated text.
- •Lecture 9
- •3. Instantaneous translation.
- •4. Specific skills required for interpreting “by ear” (at viva voce).
- •Lecture 10
- •1. The level of lexis.
- •2. Sentence level.
- •Lecture 11
- •1. Discourse level.
- •2. The level of variety.
- •3. Elaboration on vocabulary exchange as a method of studying the language of translation.
- •Lecture 12
- •1. Reference theory.
- •2. Componential analysis.
- •3. Meaning postulates.
- •Lecture 13
- •1. Lexical and semantic fields.
- •2. Denotation and connotation.
- •Lecture 14
- •1. Relations of words and sentence to one another.
- •2. Utterance, sentence and proposition.
- •Lecture 15
- •1. Text, context and discourse.
- •2. Levels of contextual abstraction.
- •3. Types of contexts.
- •4. Contextual relationships.
- •Lecture 16
- •1. Cohesion and coherence.
- •Lecture 17
- •1. Formal typologies.
- •3. Text processing (knowledge): syntactic, semantic, pragmatic.
- •Lecture 18
- •1. Interconnection between text production and text reception.
- •2. Problem-solving and text-processing.
- •2. Synthesis: writing. Strategies and tactics.
- •3. Analysis: reading.
- •Робоча навчальна програма дисципліни “теорія перекладу” для напрямків підготовки (спеціальностей): 60305, 7030507.
Lecture 10
The Language of Translation
Main points:
1. The level of lexis.
2. Sentence level.
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The legacy of the linguistic approach in the study of translation can be summarised as an emphasis on the study of the source and target languages scientifically as independent languages, and rarely investigating translated texts in their own right. We study translation data which is the field of studying the language of translation. This lecture mentions a number of levels, topics and methodological points which can be investigated in the course of studying translation.
1. The level of lexis.
Five points can be made about the study of the language of translation at the level of lexis.
a) Vocabulary exchange.
It is a process of re-lexification of a word or an expression in a text by the use of another language. The lexical item from another language must be accepted as a translation of the original by a bilingual person.
b) Comparing the semantic field.
The semantic field is a scope of meaning, determined by physical or social context and concepts delimitations, whole content is filled by a number of words in a given language. In a physical field like colours, or social field like kinship relations or military ranks, the terms, words, have a complementary distribution (додатковий) at the lexical level. The intralingual relations within one field do not coincide with those of another language. Comparing a semantic field in the source language and the TL can be used to help the translator to get optimal approximation to an interpretation in a new language. The study of the semantic field in the language of translation will provide the researcher with an area which may show translation-specific features.
c) Collocation.
Collocation is the habitual association or occurrence of lexical words in a given language. The convention of vocabulary choice, or co-occurrence is at stake (ставити на карту) in the study of collocation in the source language, the translated text and the target language. The use by the translator of words outside the norms of use will result in strange word associations, and incomprehensible stretch of words, or even ungrammatical structures.
Collocations in translated text can be studied to discover the “inevitable” use of strange collocation. Here, as in the case of the semantic field, collocation provides the researcher with an area to test the present hypothesis about the interlingual nature of the language of translation.
d) Measuring lexical density.
The theoretical background of lexical density calculation is simple enough. It requires distinguishing “grammar” or “structure” words, such as prepositions, pronouns and
modals, from “content” or “lexical” words, words which refer to concepts or actions or states, and which generally have content of their own.
In translation, the lexical density of the translated text can be compared with that of the variety at hand in the TL.
e) Measuring the density of terminology in specialized varieties.
It is known that specialized varieties of language, or what are known as sublanguages, such as the language of science, resort to the use of terminology more than everyday language. Hence, if the percentage of technical and semi-technical terms in a specialized variety is calculated, then it offers a reference for comparing the percentage of using terminology in translated texts and comparable texts in the TL.